1. ESCM Chapter 7 Martin Howley

2. Overview Background Responses Outline Issues Emissions Decomposition analysis

3. Background Indicators not merely data provide a deeper understanding of the main issues and to highlight important relations that are not evident using basic statistics Good indicator has a clear objective on what it’s supposed to measure Coherence between the energy aspect and the activity International comparability

4. Background Existing and forthcoming publications –UN Sustainability Indicators –ODYSSEE Energy Indicators –IEA Energy Efficiency Indicators –MESH

5. Background – types of indicators Econometric indicators – energy intensity Physical indicators – energy per tonne, sq metre, passenger km, tonne km, etc Efficiency indicator – decomposition analysis Environmental indicator – energy-related emission per capita, GDP, kWh etc Indirect indicator – motorization rate, appliance label shares, etc Composite – ODEX Price – cost per energy unit

6. Background - Responses Focus energy indicators Special focus on energy intensity. However, intensity is a very misleading indicator for energy efficiency. Need to explain why intensity should not be used for energy efficiency. Not sure about if the distance travelled per capita is a good example. Energy use per capita. A need to define what use covers.

7. Background - Responses Efficiency of energy conversion Industrial energy intensities: There is a need to add energy consumption per tonne of production (cement, iron and still, etc.). It is often more meaningful than intensity. Not sure about useful is Agricultural energy intensities are really meaningful. They are so dependent on so many factors.

8. Background - Responses Scope –to identify usages for public policies of such information: national development plans (including sustainable energy development), and international conventions and protocols. –the relevant processes and activities related to production and consumption of energy for the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions

9. Background - Responses Energy-related greenhouse gas emissions: Emission factors used (if national factors are used, how are they derived?). Some emissions such at nitrous oxides (NO x ) depend on how it’s consumed in terms of the technology, load factor, etc. The choice of the set of indicators compiled by a country should consider the sustainable development approach, according to its three dimensions: social, economic and environment, as well as according to theme and sub - theme

10. Outline Introduction What is a ‘good indicator’ Types of Indicators Data Sources National Indicators –Energy intensity –Energy per capita

11. Outline Sectoral Indictors Energy Efficiency versus Energy Intensity

12. Issues Climate correction Energy Intensity versus Energy Efficiency Monetary value – constant values (real)

13. Issues – Climate correction

14. Issues – Intensity v Efficiency

15. Greenhouse Gas Emissions IPCCC Emission Factors CO 2 NO x SO x, methane etc Emissions trading v non-trading (EU) Emissions Indicators

16. Decomposition analysis Disaggregate energy consumption, emissions into component parts Changes in consumption related to changes in component activity

17. Decomposition analysis

18. ESCM Chapter 7 Thank you.