Regional Atlas: Introduction to Latin America Chapter 9

Regional Atlas: Introduction to Latin America Chapter 9
World Geography Chapter 9 Regional Atlas: Introduction to Latin America Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Chapter 9: Regional Atlas: Introduction to Latin America
World Geography Chapter 9: Regional Atlas: Introduction to Latin America Section 1: Historic Overview Section 2: Physical Characteristics Section 3: Climates Section 4: Ecosystems Section 5: People and Cultures Section 6: Economics, Technology, and Environment Section 7: Database Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

1 Historical Overview

1 Historical Overview Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas established civilizations in Mexico and South America. Spain and Portugal carved out empires in which cultural convergence combined Native American, European, and African traditions. After independence in the early 1800s, democracy did not follow. In the 1900s, many countries moved toward democratic reforms. Latin Americans worked to achieve substantial economic gains in the 1900s.

Physical Characteristics
2 Physical Characteristics

Physical Characteristics
2 Physical Characteristics Mountain ranges that form part of the Ring of Fire run the length of Latin America, and earthquakes and volcanoes are common. The Amazon Basin and the pampas in southeastern South America are the largest lowland areas of Latin America. Caribbean islands are either the tops of underwater mountains or cays formed by the accumulation of coral.

3 Climates

Atmospheric and oceanic currents affect climate in Latin America.
3 Climates Atmospheric and oceanic currents affect climate in Latin America. Tropical wet and tropical wet and dry climates cover most of Central America, the Caribbean, and northern South America. Humid subtropical climate covers much of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. The west coast of Peru and northern Chile is drier, with mostly arid and semiarid climate zones. Mediterranean and marine west coast climates run along southern Chile.

4 Ecosystems

4 Ecosystems The largest ecosystems in Latin America are the tropical forests and tropical grasslands. Tropical rain forests and tropical grasslands cover much of South America, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. The arid areas to the west of the Andes and in northern Mexico are mostly desert. In higher elevations, vegetation varies with altitude.

5 People and Cultures Most people in Latin America have ancestry of European, Native American, or African descent. Most people in South America live on the coasts or along rivers. Brazilian cities have grown dramatically as people have migrated in search of jobs. Migration patterns have created great ethnic and cultural diversity.

Economies, Technology, and Environment
6 Economies, Technology, and Environment

Economies, Technology, and Environment
6 Economies, Technology, and Environment Latin American economies are based on agriculture, but they are diversifying to include industry. Traditionally, Latin American economies have been based on cash crops. Most mining is done in the Andes and in the highlands of Mexico and of Central America. Increased farming in the Amazon is reducing the rainforest. Most oil is extracted in Mexico and in northern South America.

7 Database As the number of state-owned businesses in Mexico’s market economy has dwindled, the GDP per capita has steadily grown. Cuba’s command economy declined significantly after the loss of aid from the former Soviet Union. Brazil’s economy was boosted by the launch of MERCOSUR, but excessive spending resulted in rising debt and budget deficits. Honduras’s traditional economy was growing at a moderate pace until the country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1999.

Mexico Chapter 10 World Geography
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 1: Geography of Mexico
World Geography Chapter 10: Mexico Section 1: Geography of Mexico Section 2: Place of Three Cultures Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

I. The Heartland Region : Mexico
1 I. The Heartland Region : Mexico A. Natural Hazards 1. Central plateau - geologically unstable a. Plateau - 2. Located at intersection of ___ tectonic plates a. Plates: N. America, Caribbean, Pacific, & Cocos 3. Some mts. - active _________ 4. Frequent ________ shake the land B. Climate Factors 1. The mts. (Sierra Madres) block ______ in much of the central plateau. 2. Southern end of the plateau receives ____ rain than arid north. 3. High elevation keeps temperatures ____ year- round. a. Mexico City -avg high temp. 1) July -___˚F 2) January - ___˚F

Mex. Land, Resources & Economy
1 II. The Coastal Regions Northern Pacific Coast 1. ____ and ____ climate 2. Irrigation- artificial watering a. Allows this region to be some of the best _____ in Mexico 3. Baja California - mostly mountainous _______ B. Southern Pacific Coast 1. Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range edges a narrow coast 2. Little_______ 3. Spectacular natural setting & tropical climate a. economic activity -_______ 1) Acapulco & Mazatlan C. Gulf Coastal Plain 1. Vast deposits of _______ & ______ _____ under the plain & Gulf of Mexico 2. One of the major ___-_______ regions of the world. D. Yucatán Peninsula 1. Rainfall _____ the limestone bedrock a. Producing underground _______ that sometimes form sinkholes 1) sink holes - 2) Mayan’s used as___ 2. Mayan ruins attract _______ & ________ Mex. Land, Resources & Economy Yucatan Caves Pictures of Mexico

Mayan Villages, Yucatan
The class and race differences in wealth and power of the sisal era persists today. Mayan Indians worked on the haciendas, in the past and today. After the Mexican Revolution, land reform by the government created ejidos (common or public land in Spanish), communal land holdings from villages whose members had rights to cultivate the land. Optional: look at a map of ejidoes in Chetumal, Yucatan (it loads very slowly!). Most Mayan Indians in the Yucatan live in Spanish towns with their characteristic central square or plaza. Along the main highway connecting Cancun to Merida, several all-Mayan villages still persist. The original free palm-leave roof materials are being replaced by purchased corrugated tarpaper and, even more expensive, metal roofing. Likewise, sticks are being replaced by cement and stucco for house walls as farmers can afford these relatively expensive building materials and, thus, express their higher social status.

Kitchen, Toliet,& Washing Out Back Mayan Village
Common Mayan House Kitchen, Toliet,& Washing Out Back Mayan Village Primary Colors Are Common; Mayan House In Back Yucatan Mayans Sleep In Hammocks Made Of Cotton Or Nylon Today Mayan House Style As A Grave Marker

III. Aztecs and Spaniards
2 III. Aztecs and Spaniards A. _____ built powerful empire in central Mexico 1. Tenochtitlán - a. site of modern ______ ____ B ______ ______, a Spanish adventurer, & ____ Spanish soldiers marched into Tenochtitlán 1. W/in ___ years -Aztec empire destroyed 2. Territory won by Cortés became the colony of _____ _____ C. Four social classes emerged in New Spain: 1. peninsulares - Spainish born (held high offical positions) 2. criollos- Span. ancestors born in America 3. mestizos- mixed ancestory 4. Indians-lowest rank D. Indians provided _____ on Spanish-owned haciendas 1. Haciendas - 2. encomienda - system where Spanish king rewarded _____________by granting them both haciendas & Indians who ______ them a. Indians lived a _____-_____ existence Mex. City: Aztec Ruins Mex. Family: Kin & Cuates Healthcare & Work

2 IV. Road to Democracy A. Early 1800s- Criollo resented the _______ of peninsulares which erupted into conflict B Mexico achieved ____________ 1. Gov’t not a ________ C Mexican Revolution ______ 1. __________ & ________-________ Mexicans rebelled a. They stood up to military __________ & _________ who controlled the country D Fighting ______ 1. New Mexican government - federal _________ w/ an elected president and congress 2. Gov’t promised “_________, _________, & _________ for all” E. Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ____ controlled Mexican politics until the election in ______ Mex. Indep. Terr. Disputes w/ US Mex. Rev. PRI & Fox Gov’t EU Rule

2 V. Social Conditions A. After the Mexican Revolution, the government used a policy of land redistribution 1. land redistribution - a. Most land divided into ejidos 1) ejidos - a) Generally practice ___________ farming (1) Subsistence farming - B. 1/3 of Mexico’s farms are ___________ 1. latifundios - C. Both latifundios & ejidos raise ______ crops 1. Cash crops- D. Many landless, jobless peasants are __________ workers 1. migrant workers - E. Cities offer better _____ opportunities and chances for ________ than the countryside 1. BUT most urban dwellers :

VI. Economic Activities : Mexico
2 VI. Economic Activities : Mexico A. Since NAFTA was passed, manufacturing has ________ and unemployment has _________ in Mexico. B. Major Industries 1. Important to economy: a. b. (1) Attractions -_____, ______, & _______ history (2) “________ __________” : (a) cleaner alternative to industry C. B/c Pemex is a state-owned oil company - gov’t revenue _____ or ______ along with oil prices C. Border Industries 1. Maquiladoras are clustered along the ________ & ________ border a. Maquiladoras - b. Concerns: (1) ______ (tedious) (2) _____ (low) c. But employment: ________ & workers’ skills: ________ 2. Other Concerns about factories a. b.

Maquiladora Workers

Central America and the Caribbean Chapter 11 World Geography

Section 1: Central America
World Geography Chapter 11: Central America and the Caribbean Section 1: Central America Section 2: The Caribbean Islands Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

I. Landforms and Climates: Central America
1 I. Landforms and Climates: Central America A. Central America is an isthmus 1. isthmus Panama Canal made it possible for ships to sail btw ______& _______ Oceans B. Seven countries lie btw Mexico & Columbia 1. B____, G_______, H_______, El S______, N_______, & C___ R____ C. High, rugged mountainous core runs the length of Central America 1. Many active __________ D. Two climate zones exist at high elevations. 1. 3, ft: year-round spring-like climate a. grow: 2. Above 6000 ft: cold b. grow: E. Caribbean lowlands -eastern side of Central America 1. Climate: ________ _____& dense ________ ________ vegetation (80 in. rain per yr.) a. Not very fertile & limited crops can grow F. Pacific coastal plain - 1. Climate: ________ _____ w/ _________ vegetation a. Extremely fertile b/c _____ _____ & _________ ______ G. Devastating tropical _______ & __________ 1. Strike in ________ & early _____

A. Central America is home to several ethnic groups.
1 II. People and Cultures A. Central America is home to several ethnic groups. Indians a. ea. group has its own _____ culture b. lived longest in Central America (1) largest # lives in ________ (2) made up more than ___ pop. 2. Europeans a. First Europeans arrived in 1500s as __________&________ b. _______ official language almost all Cent. Amer. c. largest EU pop - ____ _____: 90% 3. Mestizos a. mixed _____& ______ descent b. make up a large part of pop. in __ ______& _________ 4. Africans a. descended either from (1) (2) ________ from the Caribbean islands (a) came to work on _______ plantations or to build _________ ________ Panama

III. Wealth, Poverty, and Political Conflict
1 III. Wealth, Poverty, and Political Conflict A. Wealthy small %: B. Poor at least ___ of all Cent. Americans 1. Mostly ______ or _______ descent 2.Include millions of ______ with little or no _____ & laborers on __________ or in __________ C. Shortage of farmland throughout region made worse by: 1. Unequal distribution of usable ______ 2. Limited access to productive _______ & _______ D. B/c governments serving mainly the interests of the________ 1. Opponents have organized ___________ movements a. guerilla -

IV. Physical Characteristics
2 IV. Physical Characteristics A. Caribbean islands consist of three island groups: 1. 2. 3. B. Archipelago - 1. Ex: ________ (nearly 700 islands) & ________ Antilles C. Mountainous islands - tops of ________ pushing up from ocean floor 1. Greater Antilles & some of the Lesser Antilles D. Flatter islands = coral islands created by coral reefs formed from the _______ of ______ _______ 1. All the Bahamas E. Climate - affected more by ____ and _____ than elevation F. Temperatures - avg. ___°F year-round 1. Humidity - G. Prevailing winds affect ________ 1. ________ sides of islands (facing the wind) heavy rainfall a. Up to ______ inches a year 2. ________ sides (facing away from the wind) rainfall much lighter a. Only ____ inches a year

2 Ethnic Roots

2 V. Ethnic Roots A. European colonists arrived with _________ 1. Indian population ________ dramatically during colonial era a. b. B. Much of population of islands 1. Descended from ________ Africans a. Colonists brought them to work on _______ ______ plantations C. Culture - greatly influenced by its _______ roots D. After slavery was abolished 1. Many immigrants came from _____ Asia and _____ Asia a. Replaced _______ who worked the plantations

VI. Caribbean Islands Today
2 VI. Caribbean Islands Today A. About ___% of Caribbean pop. lives in independent countries 1. C___, H___, D______ R_______, B_____, J_____, B______, & Trinidad &Tobago ( ___country but ___ islands) B. Many other islands are still linked to ___ counties or ____ 1. ____: British Virgin Is., Cayman Is., & Montserrat 2. British Commonwealth: J______ & B_______ 3. ____: US Virgin Is. (territory), Puerto Rico (commonwealth) 4. ______: Guadeloupe & Martinique C. Economies of many islands depend on ___________ 1. Much of world’s: s____, b_____, c______, c_____, r____, & c_____ D. Work 1. Farm ________ in industries related to agriculture 2. On docks to load & ship ______ across the globe E. Large # tourists 1. Most profits go to _______ companies in tourism industry

Regional Overview Caribbean
2 VI. Migration A. Caribbean islanders: most often migrate to find ____ 1. Agricultural work: only ___ months 2. Tiempo muerto - _____ _____ (other 8 months of yr) 3. Most go to other islands, _____ _____, or ____ a. Large % of migrants settled in ____ ____ ____ b. Emigrants send ______ to their families home B. Political unrest in _____ and _____ 1. Many refugees fled to the _______ ________ Regional Overview Caribbean

Brazil Chapter 12 World Geography

Section 1: The Land and Its Regions
World Geography Chapter 12: Brazil Section 1: The Land and Its Regions Section 2: Brazil's Quest for Economic Growth Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

1 I. Northeast Region A. Escarpment - B. ______ plantations on coastal plain 1. Made Brazil world’s largest _______ of sugar C. Sertão - 1. Hard soils and bakes through year-long ______ D. Poverty severe 1. Life expectancy is _____ (avg. of ___ years) a. b. Brazil Revealed

II. Southeast Region: Brazil
1 II. Southeast Region: Brazil A. Fertile soil - grow ____ crops 1. most imp.- _____ 2. “______” - ¼ worlds supply B. Rural Brazilians migrate to _____ looking for a better life 1. many find __ jobs or ___- _____ jobs 2. most end up in ______ - a. slum communities b. Some favelas - (1) replaced w/ _______ public housing

Favela-Rio de janeiro

III. Brazilian Highlands
1 III. Brazilian Highlands A. National government built a new _____ hoping: 1. To boost development of the _____ region 2. To draw people away from crowded _____ cities B. New capital - _________ 1. Officially “inaugurated” in _____ 2. Located _____ miles inland 3. _______ coastal capital - Rio de Janeiro

Brazilian Highlands

Rio de Janeiro Brasilia

Jeff Corwin: Exploring Wetlands
1 IV. Amazon River Region A. The Amazon River basin is the _____ and ______ explored region in Brazil. B. The Amazon River basin spreads across more than ____ of Brazil. C. The region receives heavy rainfall: more than ___ inches (200 cm) per year. D. Temperatures are constant at ___º F (27º C) or higher. E. The rain forest is home to a wide variety of _____ and______. 1. ______ & _____ live in the river Jeff Corwin: Exploring Wetlands

Unusual Amazon River Animals!!
Boto Amazon Dolphan Amazon Piranha Unusual Amazon River Animals!!

2 V. Economic Challenges A. Most of Brazil’s poorest live in urban ______ or the rural _______. B. Many parents in favelas cannot afford to _____ or _____ their children. C. Homeless children work 1. 2. D. Many people in rural areas work 1. on ___________ 2. become _________ farmers E. Harsh conditions of the sertão contribute to the _______ of farmers living there.

VI. Government Policies
2 VI. Government Policies A. Economic Activities 1. During the ____ and ____, the Brazilian gov’t began building a. b. c. 2. Brazil’s economy grew tremendously in ____ a. manufacturing _______ b. Brazilians began to move from ____ to ____ areas B. Patterns of Settlement 1. Gov’t began a program to develop the ______ a. “_____” Brasília in Brazilian Highlands b. massive ____-building project (1) Brasília at its _____ (2) ______ many areas of the country c. gov’t gave away plots of ____ d. as well as _____ or ________ permits 2. New roads and land grants drew many settlers to: a. b. Economy

2 VII. Economic Growth A. Brazil ranks among the world’s leading ____ nations. B. Development of ______ meant Brazil no longer needed to _____ expensive foreign oil. 1.Gasohol - C. Majority of the work force has moved from agriculture to: D. Brazil now has a growing ______, ______ middle class.

VIII. Environmental Changes: Brazil
2 VIII. Environmental Changes: Brazil A. Challenges and Opportunities 1. Settlers moving to the Amazon region found: a. Thick ______ kept the soil from _______ away b. To continue farming (1) Farmers needed to _____ more land B. New Efforts 1. Deforestation ________ the plants & animals of the Amazon region a. Deforestation - 2. Brazilian gov’t is working to combat _______ and to promote ________ b. ecotourism - Effects of Deforestation

Overview of South America
World Geography Chapter 13 Countries of South America Overview of South America Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 1: The Northern Tropics
World Geography Chapter 13: Countries of South America Section 1: The Northern Tropics Section 2: The Andean Countries Section 3: The Southern Grassland Countries Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

1 I. The Guianas A. Guyana and Suriname - former _____ and _____ colonies B. French Guiana - department of ______ C. Europeans brought ______ & ______ to work on sugar plantations D. Half of Guyana’s population 1. ______ descent 2. Many speak the languages of ______ E. Many people in Suriname and French Guyana are _________ 1. Mulattoes - F. Dominate economy G. Miners extract bauxite from the hills of ______ and _______ 1. Guyana - world’s largest ______ of bauxite 2. Bauxite - Overview of North

1 Venezuela

II. Venezuela 1 A. Andean highlands - ______ Venezuela B. Guiana Highlands - ______ Venezuela C. Llanos is important for grazing ______ 1. Llanos - D. Venezuela lies in the ______ 1. But climate depends more on _______ E. Venezuelan farmers grow different crops at different _________ F. Economy dominated by: 1. a. One of the top ___ oil producers in the world G. Comparison of Guyana & Venezuela 1. Per capita GNP: a. Guyana - $____ (poorest nation in South America b. Venezuela - $______ 2. Life expectancy: a. Guyana - avg. ___ yr b. Venezuela - avg. ___ yr

Venezuela-Capybara Capybara, the largest rodent on earth it lives in the tropical and tempered parts of South America east of the Andes. It is 40 to 55 inches in length and weighs 75 to 140 lbs. In Venezuela there are capybara farms producing 400 tons meat annually. The taste of the meat is similar to pork.

1 III. Colombia A. Like Venezuela, Colombia has: 1. ________, _______ and ________ 2. Most people live in the valleys between ___________ a. cordilleras - B. Colombia’s farmers depend heavily on the export of ______ C. Most farmland is owned by a ____ _______ families 1. They rent out small amounts of land at high prices to _________ a. campesinos - (1) Often barely able to grow enough food for their ______ b/c of their focus on growing _______ D. Growing and exporting ______ crops 1. _______ & _________ 2. Extremely profitable for a small _______ E. The Colombian and US gov’ts - working together to stop the _____ trade and associated _______ F. Long history of ____ strife & continues to struggle with the challenges that result from social _________ Columbia

Colombia’s Coffee fields

IV. Physical Characteristics
2 IV. Physical Characteristics A. Coastal Plain 1. Narrow plain between mountains and ocean stretches along entire Pacific coast of South America 2. Atacama Desert - a. Occupies coastal plain of northern _____ b. Archaeologists have found perfectly preserved ancient ________ B. Highlands 1. Andes rise inland from the coastal plain 2. Highland valleys and plateaus lie btw cordilleras 3. ______ have different names in different countries: a. Altiplano in ____ and ______ b. Páramos in _______ 4. Alpine tundra grows above the timber line a. timber line - C. Tropical Forests 1. Inland from the Andes are forested tropical _______ 2. The tropical forests are the beginning of the _____ _____ of the Amazon River basin a. Tropical forest = selva in E_____, P____, & B_____ Overview of West

2 V. Ecuador and Peru A. Ecuador 1. Highland Indians practice: a. 2. About ____ of the population are mestizos a. Work in urban ______ or on _____ in the coastal lowlands (1) Growing _____, _____, & _____ for export 3. People of ____ background own: a. Largest ______ & ______ 4. _____ - discovered in selva lowlands (1960s) a. Country’s most important ______ B. Peru 1. Highland Indians practicing: a. b. ______ llamas & alpacas 2. Most other Peruvians are mestizos: a. Live in _____ areas or near the coastal plain 3. Most of the population works for low wages in: b. (1) Growing: cotton, sugar cane, & rice 4. _______ who are of EU descent: a. _______ most of the country’s wealth Ecuador Peru

2 VI. Bolivia and Chile A. Bolivia ____ coastal ports or factories 3. Many minerals a. But the best ores have ______ been mined 4. Pop. mostly - ______ 5. Highland people practice: a. b. B. Chile 1. Narrow ribbon along the _____ coast of South America 2. The Atacama Desert - _____ 3. ____ population live in Central Valley a. Btw the ____ and _____ ranges 4. ____, _____, & _____ grapes are produced in the Central Valley a. Exported to ___& ___ 5. Most of Chile’s ____ & _____ are in the Central Valley Bolivia Chile

Bolivian Woman Herding Llama

VII. Physical Characteristics: Southern Grassland Countries
3 VII. Physical Characteristics: Southern Grassland Countries A. Río de la Plata - estuary that is fed by four rivers: 1. U_____, P_____, P______, & P_______ 2. Estuary - B. Andes: in the west give way to a ________ region 1. Piedmont - C. The G____ C____ - interior lowland of savanna and dense shrub Located in parts of P_____, A______, & B______ D. Pampas - : grain grown & gauchos herd cattle 1. Located in A_______ & U_______ 2. Gauchos - E. South of the pampas is the desolate, cold plateau of __________ 1. Region well suited for raising ______ 2. Rich deposits of ___ and _______

Rio de la Plata estuary (Argentina), with input of river water from the Uruguay and Parana rivers notably visible. Buenos Aires is the semi-circular gray area southeast of the inland end of the estuary.

VIII. Paraguay and Uruguay
3 VIII. Paraguay and Uruguay A. Paraguay 1. a. BUT it has ocean access thru the ____ _____ system 2. Economy: based on ________ 3. _______ & ______ cooperated to build: Itaipú Dam on the Paraná River 4. Majority: mestizos a. Speak: Guarani (local Indian language) & ______ B. Uruguay 1. Economy a. b. 2. Must import most goods: a. Produces ___ fuel & ___ consumer goods 3. Majority: ____ decent 4. Large ______ class & few _____ in the cities C. Both countries were ruled by the ______for years, but today are ________ with free elections. Overview of East Uruguay & Paraguay

Jeff Corwin: Rainforest & Ecosystem
3 IX. Argentina A. Latin America’s _______ country in terms of per capita GNP B. About 13 million people live in the capital _____ _____ 1. Buenos Aires looks to ______ for a. b. 2. Buenos Aires: center of ________ a. Results in: (1) Heavy ____ pollution (2) Draws many rural people looking for ____ & a _____ way of life C. Ruled by a series of _______ dictators (mid-1940s ) 1. Best known dictator: Juan Domingo Perón 2. All of the dictators: (1) Particularly in the “______ _____” of the 1970s (a) Many were ________ by military & ______ seen again b. Tried to give the appearance of _______ by borrowing ______ from foreign banks to build dams, factories, and roads D. After _______ in the Falklands War to Great Britain (1982): military agreed to allow _____ elections Argentina Jeff Corwin: Rainforest & Ecosystem

III. Aztecs and Spaniards
A. _____ built powerful empire in central Mexico 1. Tenochtitlán - a. site of modern ______ ____ B ______ ______, a Spanish adventurer, & ____ Spanish soldiers marched into Tenochtitlán 1. W/in ___ years -Aztec empire destroyed 2. Territory won by Cortés became the colony of _____ _____ C. Four social classes emerged in New Spain: 1. peninsulares - Spainish born (held high offical positions) 2. criollos- Span. ancestors born in America 3. mestizos- mixed ancestory 4. Indians-lowest rank D. Indians provided _____ on Spanish-owned haciendas 1. Haciendas - 2. encomienda - system where Spanish king rewarded _____________by granting them both haciendas & Indians who ______ them a. Indians lived a _____-_____ existence

1 I. Northeast Region A. Escarpment - B. ______ plantations on coastal plain 1. Made Brazil world’s largest _______ of sugar C. Sertão - 1. Hard soils and bakes through year-long ______ D. Poverty severe 1. Life expectancy is _____ (avg. of ___ years) a. b. Brazil Revealed

VII. Physical Characteristics: Southern Grassland Countries
3 VII. Physical Characteristics: Southern Grassland Countries A. Río de la Plata - estuary that is fed by four rivers: 1. U_____, P_____, P______, & P_______ 2. Estuary - B. Andes: in the west give way to a ________ region 1. Piedmont - C. The G____ C____ - interior lowland of savanna and dense shrub Located in parts of P_____, A______, & B______ D. Pampas - : grain grown & gauchos herd cattle 1. Located in A_______ & U_______ 2. Gauchos - E. South of the pampas is the desolate, cold plateau of __________ 1. Region well suited for raising ______ 2. Rich deposits of ___ and _______

Regional Atlas: Introduction to Latin America Chapter 9

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