1. Extending LANs Fiber modems Repeaters Bridges Switches

2. Distance limitation in LANs MAC protocols such as CSMA/CD require time proportional to the length of the cable Electrical signal weakens with distance Network designers choose a combination of capacity, delay and distance that can be achieved within a given cost

3. Fiber optic extensions Fiber modems extend connection between computer and transceiver

4. Repeaters Join Ethernet cables (segments) together Amplified signal - no knowledge of frames Deals with signal strength, but not delay

5. Multiple repeaters Ethernet standard says no more than four repeaters between two computers

6. Fiber modems can be used between repeaters for long distance extensions Biggest problem with repeaters is that they transmit all signals including collisions and noise which limits scalability

7. Bridges Connect two segments, but work at the frame level Use promiscuous mode and forward all frames Don’t forward erroneous frames (e.g., collisions and noise)

8. Frame filtering Only forward a frame if necessary – destination is on the other segment – broadcast address is used Bridge learns which segment a computer is on when that computer sends a frame When a frame arrives the bridge – extracts source address and updates knowledge – inspects destination address for forwarding

9. Example of learning in a bridge

10. Planning a bridged network Propagation principle - a bridge will only forward frames as far as is necessary Bridges allow communication on separate segments to occur at the same time Plan the network so that computers that communicate frequently are on the same segment May be possible to improve an existing LAN’s performance by adding a bridge

11. Bridging between buildings

12. Bridging longer distances

13. A cycle of bridges Compute a distributed spanning tree

14. Switching Switch - a single electronic device that transfers frames between computers Whereas a hub simulates a shared medium, a switch simulates a bridged LAN with one computer per segment Advantage is greater data rate due to parallelism Some organisations combine hubs and switches to reduce cost

15. The concept of a switched LAN

16. Summary Fiber optic extensions Repeaters and multiple repeaters Bridges – frame filtering – bridging distances Switches

17. Summary of LANs Locality of reference LAN topologies MAC protocols, especially CSMA/CD Hardware addressing and frame types LAN wiring Extending LANs

18. Exam question http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~mvr/2-CCN.doc