1. Network Devices Repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, NICs

2. Devices and the layers at which they operate LayerName of LayerDevice 3NetworkRouters, layer 3 switches 2Data LinkSwitches, bridges, NICs 1PhysicalHubs

3. NICs (Network Interface Cards)Network Interface Cards This NIC has interfaces for twisted pair, thicknet, and thinnet connectors.

4. Repeaters Signal attenuation or signal loss – signal degrades over distance Repeaters clean, amplify, and resend signals that are weakened by long cable length. Built-in to hubs or switches

5. Hubs OSI layer 1 hardware OSI layer 1 Hubs regenerate and retime network signals Hubs propagate signals through the network They cannot filter network traffic They cannot determine best path They are used as network concentration points They are really multi-port repeaters Uplink port – crossover mode or straight through mode

6. Bridges A layer 2 device designed to create two or more LAN segments, each of which is a separate collision domain. The purpose is to filter traffic on a LAN, to keep local traffic local, yet allow connectivity to other segments of the network. Filter traffic by looking at the MAC address Frame filtering

7. Bridges If the frame is addressed to a MAC address on the local side of the bridge, it is not forwarded to the other segment MAC addresses on the other segment are forwarded Bridges maintain a MAC address table for both segments they are connected to

8. Cycle of bridges Bridged network can span many segments Broadcasts are sent to all segments

9. Bridges Distributed Spanning Tree Distributed Spanning Tree If all bridges forward broadcasts, infinite loops can occur Bridges perform DST on boot to determine which bridges will not forward broadcasts

10. Switched networks Shared ethernet networks perform best when kept to 30-40 percent full capacity This is a result of CSMA/CD A LAN switch is a high-speed multiport bridge which segments each port into its own collision domain and can access the full bandwidth collision domain

11. Devices and the layers at which they operate LayerName of LayerDevice 3NetworkRouters, layer 3 switches 2Data LinkSwitches, bridges, NICs 1PhysicalHubs

12. Switches Each port is a simulated segment to itself

13. Store and Forward Switches Do error checking on each frame after the entire frame has arrived into the switch If the error checking algorithm determines there is no error, the switch looks in its MAC address table for the port to which to forward the destination device Highly reliable because doesnt forward bad frames Slower than other types of switches because it holds on to each frame until it is completely received to check for errors before forwarding

14. Cut Through Switch Faster than store and forward because doesnt perform error checking on frames Reads address information for each frame as the frames enter the switch After looking up the port of the destination device, frame is forwarded Forwards bad frames Performance penalty because bad frames cant be used and replacement frames must be sent which creates additional traffic

15. Fragment free cut through switch Combines speed of cut through switch with error checking functionality Forwards all frames initially, but determines that if a particular port is receiving too many bad frames, it reconfigures the port to store and forward mode Preferred switching solution

16. Unmanaged/Intelligent switches Unmanaged – provides LANs with all the benefits of switching Fine in small networks Intelligent switches tracks and reports LAN performance statistics Have a database ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) on board to collect and store data which you view through a software interface

17. Layer 3 switch By definition a switch filters or forwards frames based on MAC addresses. This makes a switch a layer 2 device. Now we have layer 3 switches which have routing capability. If a data frame cant be switched it is routed. Each port is a separate LAN port, but the forwarding engine actually calculates and stores routes based on IP addresses, not MAC addresses Usually support only IP or IP and IPX

18. VLAN Switches Virtual local area network Each port on a switch defines a collision domain The entire switch forms a single broadcast domain VLANs can define multiple broadcast domains Network traffic that is directed to all computers on the network can be segmented to transmit only on a specific VLAN. Improves bandwidth on a the VLANs because each VLAN filters the network-to-network broadcast traffic as well as the collision traffic from other VLANs

19. Physical Layer Physical Layer Broadcast Physical layer broadcasts – implemented by non-switched Ethernet networks through shared cabling and hubs Each bit that is transmitted is physically received by every station Switches and VLANs dont do physical layer broadcasts

20. MAC-level broadcast MAC-level broadcast – deal with how to handle MAC level broadcast frames; that is the data frames that have a broadcast destination MAC address MAC-level broadcast frames are addressed to all MAC addresses on a given network (not a network segment, but an actual network as defined by its network address) A regular switch forwards all broadcast frames out all ports, but a VLAN switch forwards broadcast frames only to ports that are part of the same VLAN Multiple switches can be part of the same VLAN

21. VLAN Switches None of the VLANs can communicate unless each VLAN is connected to a router or layer 3 switch Each VLAN is separating collision traffic associated with MAC Addresses (layer 2) and each VLAN is separating the network-to- network broadcast traffic. In other words each VLAN is acting as a separate network so a layer 3 device is necessary for them to communicate