1. Robotics Research Laboratory Louisiana State University

2.  What is the definition of a robot for computer scientist?  Explain why a common toaster is not a robot  In what way the reasons for this are similar to those for a simple light-switch not being a robot?

3.  uint8_t: 1 Byte  0 ~ 255( = 2 8 - 1)  uint16_t: 2 Bytes  0 ~ 65535( = 2 16 – 1)  uint32_t: 4 Bytes  0 ~ 2 32 - 1  char: 1 Byte  int: 2 Byte  -32768 ~ 32767(-2 15 ~ 2 15 - 1)  double: 4 Bytes  float: 4 Bytes  *: pointer-indicator  int[], int[][], … : Arrays; similarly for char, double, etc.

4.  if ( … ) { … } if ( … ) { … } else { … }  switch ( … ) { case 0: … ; break; case 1: … ; break; … case 7: …; break; }  for ( … ; … ; … ) { … }  while ( … ) { … }  do { … } while ( … )

5. #include  a library provided by avrc-compiler #include “yourLibrary.h”  your library void yourFuction(void);  Declare prototype functions first int main(){  main of the program InitHardware();  initialize hardware while (1) {  One main while loop yourFunction();  call the declared function } void yourFuction(){ … }  functions

6.  LED (Light Emitting Diode)  3x3 LED matrix + - COL3 ROW1 ROW2 ROW3 OFFON OFF ON OFF ON 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 COL1COL2 What happen in LED with below connection? + - What combination of outputs on cols/rows can make only led5 ON? What happen in LED with below connection? + - LED ON What happen in LED with below connection? + +

7. Hexa-decimalBinaryDecimal 0x00b00000 0x10b00011 0x20b00102 0x30b00113 0x40b01004 0x50b01015 0x60b01106 0x70b01117 0x80b10008 0x90b10019 0xA0b101010 0xB0b101111 0xC0b110012 0xD0b110113 0xE0b111014 0xF0b111115 0x6C0b0110 1100108

8.  PORT: collection of 8 pins for communication between microprocessor and other devices  PORT control register ◦ PINx : to read the values of the pins in PORTx,  pins: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1  if (PINx == 0x31)... ◦ PORTx : to assign v alues to the pins in PORTx, PORTx = 0x31  00110001 PINx = 0x31  is meaningless ◦ DDRx : Controls the Input/Output specification of pins in PORTx ( 0  intput, 1  output)

9. 65473210 DDRA: 0x0F in in in in out out out out PINA : 0x36 (48) - + -- - + ++ LED4 LED3 LED2 LED1 Button4 Button3 Button1 Button2 PIN 0 ~ 3 : Output (LED), PIN 4 ~ 7 : Input (Button) PORTA: 0xF6 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 GND 0 0001111

10. ICR3 = 40000u;// input capture register TCNT3 = 0;// interrupt flag register // Set the WGM mode & prescalar TCCR3A = ( 1 << WGM31 ) | ( 0 << WGM30 ) |// timer control register ( 1 << COM3A1 ) | ( 1 << COM3B1 ) | ( 1 << COM3C1 ); TCCR3B = ( 1 << WGM33 ) | ( 1 << WGM32 ) | // timer control register TIMER3_CLOCK_SEL_DIV_8; DDRE |= (( 1 << 3 ) | ( 1 << 4 ) | ( 1 << 5 ));// I/O control register uint16_t count = 0; while (1){ OCR3A = count++;// 0 ~ 65535 (pulse width), PINE3 us_spin(200); }

11. #define MOTOR_IN1_PIN 0 #define MOTOR_IN1_MASK (1 << MOTOR_IN1_PIN) #define MOTOR_IN1_DDRDDRF #define MOTOR_IN1_PORTPORTF #define MOTOR_IN2_PIN 1 #define MOTOR_IN2_MASK (1 << MOTOR_IN2_PIN) #define MOTOR_IN2_DDRDDRF #define MOTOR_IN2_PORTPORTF #define MOTOR_STANBY_PIN 1 #define MOTOR_STANBY_MASK (1 << MOTOR_STANBY_PIN) #define MOTOR_STANBY_DDRDDRF #define MOTOR_STANBY_PORTPORTF #define MOTOR_PWMOCR3A pwm_init();  PWM initialization DDRF = 0xFF  all pins in PORTF are outputs PORTF = 0x00  pull down for all outputs MOTOR_PWM = 10000;  pwm signal is 10000 MOTOR_STANBY_PORT |= MOTOR_STANBY_MASK;  STBY : high MOTOR_STANBY_PORT |= (MOTOR_IN1_MASK | MOTOR_IN1_MASK );  IN1 : high, IN2 : high (Short brake) MOTOR_STANBY_PORT &= ~ (MOTOR_IN1_MASK | MOTOR_IN1_MASK );  IN1 : low, IN2 : low (Short brake) MOTOR_STANBY_PORT |= MOTOR_IN1_MASK; MOTOR_STANBY_PORT &= ~MOTOR_IN1_MASK;  IN1 : high, IN2 : low (CCW) MOTOR_STANBY_PORT &= ~MOTOR_IN1_MASK; MOTOR_STANBY_PORT |= MOTOR_IN1_MASK;  IN1 : low, IN2 : high (CW)