2. Theodore Roosevelt 1901-1909

3. Theodore Roosevelt Became president after assassination of President McKinley in 1901 Known as a “modern president” Believed that gov’t should assume control whenever states proved incapable of dealing w/ problems “It is the duty of the president to act upon the theory that he is the steward of the people…”

4. Theodore Roosevelt Believed he could influence the news media & shape legislation Wanted to stop or curb the actions of those that hurt the public interest Square Deal: program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big businesses

5. Theodore Roosevelt “Trustbusting” President Concentrated efforts on filing suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act Filed 44 antitrust suits, won many of them Real goal during presidency was federal regulation of: –Businesses –Food & Drugs (medicines)

6. Theodore Roosevelt Also made conservation a primary concern –Some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good John Muir persuaded TR to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves Also set aside 1.5 million acres of water- power sites

7. Theodore Roosevelt Failed to support civil rights for African- Americans However, he did support a few individual African-Americans After winning the election in 1904, he pledged not to run for reelection in 1908 (at this time in history, presidents were able to run for more than two terms if they desired to)

8. William Taft 1909-1913

9. William Taft Secretary of War under TR Handpicked by TR to run for President Initially did not want to expand Roosevelt’s reforms Busted 90 trusts in his one term as president

10. William Taft Established the Interstate Commerce Commission to set railroad rates Submitted to the states amendments for a Federal income tax and the direct election of Senators

11. William Taft During his campaign, he vowed to lower tariffs (taxes on imported and exported goods) In 1909, Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which was a set of tax regulations on imported manufactured goods The Payne-Aldrich Tariff was a failure as it failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods

12. William Taft Taft faced problems within the Republican Party during his presidency; there was a growing divide between the progressives and the conservatives During the 1912 presidential campaign, Theodore Roosevelt decided to run for a 3 rd term, pitting him against Taft Both Taft and Roosevelt lost to Woodrow Wilson

13. Woodrow Wilson 1913-1921

14. Woodrow Wilson Supported a stronger government role in economic affairs Supported small business and free-market competition He characterized all business monopolies as evil

15. Woodrow Wilson Believed in giving freedom to average citizens However, Wilson did not use his federal power to help fight off attacks directed at the civil rights movement of African- Americans

16. Woodrow Wilson Anti-trust legislation established a Federal Trade Commission to prohibit unfair business practices. Laws prohibiting child labor; another limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day. Lowered Tariffs: reduced prices on goods for the lower class

17. Woodrow Wilson The following amendments were passed under President Wilson: –17 th Amendment: US Senators are elected by popular vote –18th Amendment: Prohibition –19 th Amendment: Women gain the right to vote

18. Woodrow Wilson One of Wilson’s biggest achievements while he was in office was the creation of the Federal Reserve System, which controlled the US money supply and the availability of credit in the country Following TR’s conservation plans, the National Park Service was established in 1916 which protected parks such as Yellowstone Nat’l Park & the Grand Canyon

19. Woodrow Wilson Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on civil rights while president Opposed federal anti-lynching legislation Appointed fellow white Southerners to his cabinet who extended segregation

20. Woodrow Wilson World War I broke out in Europe in 1914 The remainder of his presidency would be consumed by the war