1. Chapter 9

2.  Cities  Full-time craft specialists  Architecture  Differences in wealth and status  Strong centralized govt.  Inscriptions/Writings

3.  Near East  3500 B.C.  Egyptians  300 B.C.  India  2500 B.C.  China  1750 B.C.  Mesoamerica  1000 B.C.

4.  Believed to have started around Mesopotamia.  What makes a state a state?  Centralized decision making that affects the population.  Public buildings  Skilled crafts  Hierarchical structure  Uses force to tax/rule population

5.  5000 to 3500 B.C.  Many things came together to play a large role in the formation of cities and states.  Small scale irrigation  Settlers flock to rivers  Rivers provide water  Food  Transportation  Trade  Increase in social life

6.  3500 B.C. – 3000 B.C. Sumerian civilization is unified under single rule.  Great Urban center, temples, etc.  Codified laws, professional army, sewer system  Class system  Writing system (cuneiform)

7.  1000-300 B.C.  Scattered villages on the hill side  300-200 B.C. (Mesoamerica)  Shift to settlements  Politically unified.  Streets and buildings laid out in grip pattern.  Great architectural monuments.  Larger than Rome.

8.  Monte Alban (500 B.C.)  Believed to have been before Teotihuacan.  Lacked resources.  Located on a mountain.  Mayan  More densely populated.  More advanced writing system

9.  Irrigation  Land habitable (food)  Population Growth and War  Large number of people in particular areas.  Trade  Incorporates local and long distance influence.  Different conditions lead to different systems.

10.  Declining environment  (not suitable for food production)  Human behavior  Disease  Overpopulation  War  Resource depletion