1. 1 Tracking system based on GEM chambers Evaristo Cisbani Italian National Institute of Health and INFN Rome – Sanità Group PAVI 11 05 – 09 / September / 2011 - Rome GEM Technology JLab/Hall A current project MPGD alternatives Conclusions PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

2. 2 GEM Technology PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

3. 3 Tracking in PVDIS/SOLID @ JLab12 Rate: from 100 kHz to 600 kHz (with baffles), GEANT3 estimation Spatial Resolution:  0.2 mm (sigma) Total area: 23 m 2 total area (30 sectors x4 planes, each sector cover 10 degree) Magnetic field tolerant Lumi = 5.4E38 /cm 2 /s PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

4. 4 Choice of the technology System Requirements Tracking Technology DriftMPGDSilicon High Rate (up to): 1 MHz/cm 2 NOMHz/mm 2 Resolution: 200  m Achievable 50  m30  m Large Area: Single chamber up to 0.5 m 2 total 23 m 2 YESDoable Very Expensive Flexibility in readout geometry and lower spark rate GEM  Ms New recent development in resistive  M and GEM +  M to improve spark rate PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

5. 5 GEM working principle Ionization Multiplication (x20) Readout Multiplication (x20) Multiplication (x20) Readout independent from ionization and multiplication stages Recent technology: F. Sauli, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A386(1997)531 GEM foil: 50  m Kapton + few  m copper on both sides with 70  m holes, 140  m pitch Strong electrostatic field in the GEM holes PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

6. 6 GEM / Rate capability Can operate in rather high hit rate Ar/CO 2 /CF 4 (60/20/20) Triple GEM Poli Lener, PhD Thesis - Rome 2005 PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

7. 7 Aging in COMPASS and LHCb Altunbas et al. NIMA 515 (2003) 249 Ar/CO 2 (70/30) X-ray 8.9 keV  -ray 1.25 MeV Ar/CO 2 /CF 4 (45/15/40) Alfonsi et al. Nucl. Phys. B 150 (2006) 159 6.3 kHz/mm 2 25 kHz/mm 2 Change in HV Rather robust to aging. Gas type and flux is important. Use of not-outgassing epoxy. Typical collected charge expected at the level of 0.5 mC/mm2/y for at L  10 38 PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

8. 8 PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers Large Size GEM Large size available in recent years! CMS Upgrade Prototype (42cm x 990 cm) KLOE Inner Tracker (40 cm x 700 cm) Last few yearsOriginal method

9. 9 The «Reference» GEM PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome From: F. Sauli, Napoli - 2005 E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

10. 1010 PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome Spatial Resolution in COMPASS GEM: 70  m COMPASS readout plane (33x33 cm 2 ) and results C. Altunbas et al. NIMA 490 (2002) 177 70  m resolution achieved by strips centroid  Analog readout required Strip Capacitance  1 pF/cm  max length < 100 cm  max size limited by noise E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

11. 1 Alternative 2D readout, the KLOE solution PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome From Bencivenni / MPGD-2011 / Kobe Pitch limited by technology and cost Smaller pitch used in Olympus/DESY, on GEM chambers of 10x10 cm2 Basically, any direction possible E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

12. 1212 Electronics PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome Sorin Martoiu / 4th RD51 meeting / CERN / 2009 Main Requiremets: 1.Radiation Hard 2.Analog Output 3.Time information 4.Reasonable speed 5.High Density No optimal chip exists Several chips under development Most addressed in current activities is the APV25 E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

13. 1313 MPGD Projects similar to SOLID KLOE (Moderately large GEM) JLab/Hall A (Moderately large GEM) CMS Upgrade (Large GEM) Atlas Small Wheel Upgrade (Resistive Micromegas) PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome LHC projects push technology development and consolidation of the production quality Technology transfer to industry required for large production ! (MPGD = Micro Pattern Gas Detector) E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

14. 1414 JLab/HallA GEM Tracker for 12 GeV physics PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

15. 1515 Some challenging experiments in Hall A ExperimentsLuminosity (s·cm 2 ) -1 Tracking Area (cm 2 ) Resolution Angular (mrad) Vertex (mm) Momentum (%) GMn - GEnup to 7·10 37 40x150 and 50x200 < 1<20.5% GEp(5) up to 8·10 38 40x120, 50x200 and 80x300 <0.7 ~1.5 ~ 10.5% SIDISup to 2·10 37 40x120, 40x150 and 50x200 ~ 0.5~1~1<1% Maximum reusability: same trackers in different experimental configuration Most demanding HighRates LargeArea Down to ~ 70  m spatial resolution PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

16. 1616 SiD SuperBigbite Spectrometer in Hall A Large luminosity Moderate acceptance Forward angles Reconfigurable detectors Large luminosity Moderate acceptance Forward angles Reconfigurable detectors Electronics for: Small silicon detector (SiD) Front GEM tracker Large backward GEM trackers  >100k channels High photon up to 250 MHz/cm2 and electron 160 kHz/cm2 background Use VME64x PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

17. 1717 Tracker approach: 40x50 cm 2 Module Use the same “basic” module for all trackers types –Size: 40x50 cm 2 active area –8 mm thin frame –3 x GEM foils (using single mask tech.) –2D strip readout (a la COMPASS) - 0.4 mm pitch –X/X0 = 0.54% –APV25 readout chip PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

18. 1818 Tracker Chambers configuration Modules are composed to form larger chambers with different sizes Electronics along the borders and behind the frame (at 90°) – cyan and blue in drawing Carbon fiber support frame around the chamber (cyan in drawing); dedicated to each chamber configuration Front Tracker Geometry x6 Back Trackers Geometry X(4+4) GEp(5) SBS PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

19. 1919 Electronics Components GEM  FEC  MPD  DAQ 2D Readout 75 mm 49.5 mm 8 mm Up to 10m twisted, shielded copper cable (HDMI) Passive backplane (optional) Main features: Use analog readout APV25 chips (analog and time information) 2 “active” components: Front-End card and VME64x custom module Copper cables between front-end and VME Optional backplane (user designed) acting as signal bus, electrical shielding, GND distributor and mechanical support

20. 2020 Electronics layout of one chamber FE cards are connected by a passive backplane (with hard rad voltage regulators); backplane acts as a good GND connection for the cards Front-end cards are electromagnetically shielded by backplane and external frame (with thin conductive tape) PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

21. 2121 Assembling the first 40x50 cm2 module Stretching Gluing the next frame with spacers Foil Tension: T = 2 kg/cm Spacer Sector: S = 170 cm2 Expected maximum pressure on foil P  10 N/m2  Maximum foil deformation: u  0.0074 * P * S / T = 6.4  m Use stretching and spacers to keep foil flat Stretcher design from LNF / Bencivenni et al.

22. 2 Beam test @ DESY (EUDET support)

23. 2323 Magnetic field / Extrapolation from KLOE Data Limit due to readout pitch Expected fringe field at Jlab/SBS PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

24. 2424 From Hits to Track Remove false (ghost) hits –Amplitude correlation in 2D readout plane (→) –x/y and u/v planes PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome Tracking in high luminosity is not trivial Background hits shall be identified and minimized –Time correlation with trigger 0 25 ns 50 ns 75 ns100 ns125 ns X-strip hit distribution x y E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

25. 2525 MonteCarlo + Digitazation + Tracking High  + e background hits  MHz/cm2 (Signal is red) Bogdan Wojtsekhowski + Ole Hansen + Vahe Mamyan et al. 6 GEM chambers with x/y readout Use multisamples (signal shape) for background filtering

26. 2626 GEM Competitors PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

27. 2727 GEM Competitor: Micromegas  Only two HV needed  Multiplication similar to the 3xGEM  Accurate spacing between mesh and strip plaenes  Standard micromegas soffer of high discharge rate  Latest developments use resistive material on the electrodes to reduce the energy of sparks PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome Pillar E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

28. 2828 Large Area/Spark suppression/2D MicroMegas PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome J.Manjarres-Ramos / MPGD2011 / Kobe Combination of several recent technologies (mainly developed at CERN) Resistive layers: Spark suppression Multi-dimensional readout Development for Atlas Upgrade Large area Reduced sparks R. De Oliveira / MPGD2011 / Kobe E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

29. 2929 GEM x MicroMegas PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome M. Vandenbroucke / MPGD2011 / Kobe E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

30. 3030 Atlas Development (3D readout) PAVI 11 - 07 September 2011 - Rome J. Wotschack / MPGD2011 / Kobe E. Cisbani – Tracking System Based on GEM chambers

31. 3131 Conclusions ● GEM Technology suitable for applications with: ● High rate ● High spatial resolution ● Large area ● Micromegas with resistive coating is becoming an attractive option ● Sparks suppression ● 2-dimensional readout ● Relatively simple technology ● Quite a few project working on large area GEM/  M ● Our activity on the SBS front Tracker@JLab12/Hall A is going to be finalized for production ● Optimal readout chip does not exist; several developments in progress