1. From DNA to Proteins

3. RNAPROTEINS transcriptiontranslation in-text, p. 201 DNA Proteins are coded for by Genes- long stretches of DNA that code for a particular amino acid sequence Occurs in the nucleusOccurs in the cytoplasm

6. Same two steps produce ALL proteins: Example: insulin from pancreas 1 ) DNA is transcribed to form RNA –Occurs in the nucleus –mRNA moves into cytoplasm 2) RNA is translated to form polypeptide chains, which fold to form proteins Steps from DNA to Proteins

8. Three Classes of RNAs Messenger RNA –Carries protein-building instruction Ribosomal RNA –Major component of ribosomes Transfer RNA –Delivers amino acids to ribosomes

9. A Nucleotide Subunit of RNA phosphate group sugar (ribose) uracil (base)

10. Base Pairing During Transcription A new RNA strand can be put together on a DNA region according to base- pairing rules (What enzyme?) As in DNA: C pairs with G Uracil (U) pairs with adenine (A)

11. Promoter A base sequence in the DNA that signals the start of a gene For transcription to occur, RNA polymerase must first bind to a promoter The Terminator

12. Gene Transcription mRNA transcript Where is the promoter?

13. Adding Nucleotides growing RNA transcript 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ direction of transcription

14. Transcript Modification unit of transcription in a DNA strand exonintron mature mRNA transcript poly-A tail 5’ 3’ snipped out exon intron cap transcription into pre-mRNA 3’5’

15. Code Is Redundant Twenty kinds of amino acids are specified by 61 codons Most amino acids can be specified by more than one codon Six codons specify leucine –UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, CUG

16. tRNA Structure codon in mRNA anticodon in tRNA amino acid OH tRNA molecule’s attachment site for amino acid

17. Ribosomes tunnel small ribosomal subunitlarge ribosomal subunitintact ribosome

20. Initiation Initiator tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit Small subunit/tRNA complex attaches to mRNA and moves along it to an AUG “start” codon Large ribosomal subunit joins complex

21. Binding Sites on Large Subunit binding site for mRNA P (first binding site for tRNA) A (second binding site for tRNA)

22. Elongation mRNA passes through ribosomal subunits tRNAs deliver amino acids to the ribosomal binding site in the order specified by the mRNA Peptide bonds form between the amino acids and the polypeptide chain grows

23. Elongation

24. Termination A stop codon in the mRNA moves onto the ribosomal binding site No tRNA has a corresponding anticodon Proteins called release factors bind to the ribosome mRNA and polypeptide are released

25. Polysome A cluster of many ribosomes translating one mRNA transcript Transcript threads through the multiple ribosomes like the thread of bead necklace Allows rapid synthesis of proteins

26. What Happens to the New Polypeptides? Some just enter the cytoplasm Many enter the endoplasmic reticulum and move through the cytomembrane system where they are modified

27. Transcription Translation mRNA rRNAtRNA Mature mRNA transcripts ribosomal subunits mature tRNA

28. Gene Mutations Base-Pair Substitutions Insertions Deletions

29. Effect of Base-Pair Substitution original base triplet in a DNA strand As DNA is replicated, proofreading enzymes detect the mistake and make a substitution for it: a base substitution within the triplet (red) One DNA molecule carries the original, unmutated sequence The other DNA molecule carries a gene mutation POSSIBLE OUTCOMES: OR

30. Frameshift Mutations Insertion –Extra base added into gene region Deletion –Base removed from gene region Both shift the reading frame Result in many wrong amino acids

31. Frameshift Mutation ARGININEGLYCINETYROSINETRYPTOPHANASPARAGINE ARGININEGLYCINELEUCINEGLUTAMATELEUCINE mRNA PARENTAL DNA amino acid sequence altered mRNA BASE INSERTION altered amino acid sequence