1. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

2. Human Cloning-The Science In The News

3. Biotechnology Use of scientific & engineering principals to manipulate organisms or their genes

4. Products of Biotechnology Organisms with special biochemical, morphological, and/or growth characteristics Organisms that produce useful products Information about an organism or tissue that would other wise not be known

5. Classical Biotechnology Propagation to get selected characteristics Plants derived from wild mustard

6. Techniques for Classical Biotechnology Selection Hybridization Mutation

7. Hybrid Offspring from crossing two genetically similar varieties of a species Cross between two different species

8. Hybrid Vigor Hybrid improved in certain ways over parents –Stronger –With higher yields

9. Important Microbiology Events Pasturization –Louis Pasteur (1860s) –Process to kill microorganisms that cause fermentive change Germ theory –Robert Koch (late 1800s) –Germs cause infection –Developed pure culture methods

10. Antibiotics Alexander Fleming (1927) –Mold that contaminated cultures killed bacteria –Began process of screening for antibiotics

11. Molecular Biotechnology Manipulating genes Genetic recombination –Exchange of DNA sequences between molecules

12. Bacterial Exchange of DNA Transformation Transduction Conjugation

13. Transformation Donor bacterium –Lysed –Releases DNA Recipient bacterium –Take up DNA Can be induced

14. Transduction Virus transfers DNA from donor to recipient

15. Conjugation Donor & recipient make contact DNA is transferred Transfer in bacteria with plasmids

16. Plasmids Extra chromosomal pieces of DNA Replicate independently Small portion of bacteria’s DNA Contain genes that promote transfer

17. Engineering Gene Transfer Recombinant DNA technology Individual genes isolated and transferred

18. Applications of Biotechnology Producing proteins for therapeutic use Producing vaccines DNA fingerprinting Research on genome structure & function Gene therapy to treat disease Modification of food

19. Producing Therapeutic Proteins Insert genes into bacteria Manipulate bacteria to produce proteins Purify proteins for use

20. Finding the Gene of Interest Shotgun cloning –Isolating & purifying genomic DNA –Cutting DNA into fragments –Insert fragments into bacteria or yeast –Results in complete genomic library –Library screened to find desired gene

21. DNA into Gene Fragments DNA clipped with restriction enzymes –Recognize certain DNA sequences

22. Cloning Genes Restriction fragments into bacteria or yeast using plasmids or viruses

25. Complementary DNA (cDNA) Cloning Gene of interest is known Messenger RNA from gene available Use reverse transcriptase to make gene Can be expressed in bacterial systems

26. Gene Synthesis Cloning Desired sequence must be known Laboratory made gene inserted into yeast or bacteria Used for insulin cloning as example

27. Screening for Desired Genes

28. DNA Probes Molecule that binds to a specific gene Types of DNA Probe –Molecules of RNA –Complementary sequences of DNA

29. Genetically Engineered Vaccines Vaccines stimulate an immune response Benefit of genetically engineered vaccine –Non pathogenic

30. DNA Vaccines DNA sequence of pathogen injected Immune system develops antibodies Advantages –No risk of infection –No risk of illness from contamination –Long lasting immune response –Can administer many vaccines in a single shot

31. DNA Fingerprinting DNA fragments amplified Fragments drawn through gel Bands visualized by dyes Humans have unique patterns

32. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Makes copies of DNA fragments Allows for analysis starting with small samples Gives large number of copies

34. PCR can be Automated

35. Electrophoresis Separates DNA fragments

36. DNA Fingerprints & Paternity

37. Human Genome Project Sequence of Human DNA 3 billion base pairs 30,000 to 40,000 genes

38. Genomics Subdiscipline of genetics Mapping, sequencing, & analyzing Two areas –Structural genomics –Functional genomics

39. DNA Arrays (DNA Chips) Allows screening of thousands of genes

40. Gene Therapy Uses recombinant DNA to treat genetic disorders Replaces defective genes Includes targeted gene repair

41. Food Modification with Biotechnology Increase yield Increase quality Modification of genes in organisms Example: transgenic plants –Genetically altered

43. Transgenic & Cloned Animals Dolly –First cloned animal –Nuclear transfer from cell to produce embryo

44. Transgenic & Cloned Animals Bioengineered animals –Combine desired traits –Cow example: Heavy muscle Low fat

46. Genetic Engineering Controversy Potential dangers exist Experiments governed by National Institute of Health Genetically modified foods –Common in U.S. –Opposed by Europe

47. Arguments Against Bioengineering Long term safety of engineered foods Spread of bioengineered genes