1. TECTONIC LANDSCAPES-Test 1 What do you need to be able to do to achieve A+? 1

2. Volcanoes and earthquakes occur in narrow belts (overall distribution). The largest belt runs around the Pacific Ocean, along the edge of continents. Why can’t you use plate boundaries to describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes on THIS map? 1-Be able to describe the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. 2

3. Other bands are found in the middle of oceans such as the belt that extends down the entire length of the mid-Atlantic Ocean. 3

4. Another major belt travels through the continents of Europe and Asia and Eastern Africa. 4

5. 5 1- Volcanoes occur in narrow belts along plate boundaries. 2-The largest belt runs around the Pacific Ocean, near convergent boundaries. 3-Many volcanoes are found either along the edge of the North American and South American continents or form volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean. 4-There are some volcanoes along the northern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. 5-Some volcanoes are located far from plate boundaries such as the Hawaiian hotspot in the Pacific Ocean

6. Be able to explain why earthquakes, volcanoes and fold mountains occur where they do. 6

7. 7 Huge convection currents occur in the mantle. The cause of these currents is heat from the interior of the core. Plates move due to these convection currents. Why do plates move? Crust Inner core Learn the name and the location of the layers of the Earth.

8. Depending on the direction of the convection currents, the plates can move Towards each other (convergent) Away from each other (divergent) Slide past each other (transform) 8

9. Know the names of the major tectonic plates. 9 Pacific Plate

10. 10 Plates are made of two types of crust which have different characteristics. Older, lighter, cannot sink and is permanent. Younger, heavier, can sink and is constantly being destroyed and replaced. It is the differences between the two types of crust that account for the variation of activity at plate boundaries

11. Be able to name the features produced at each type of boundary and to explain how they are formed. 11

12. Oceanic crust 1-Convection currents pull plates apart. 3-As the plates move apart, magma from the mantle rises to fill the gaps and forms new oceanic crust. 4-A mid-ocean ridge is formed by the new crust. 5-Submarine volcanoes appear along the ridge. Some may grow to form islands, e.g. Iceland. 6-Earthquakes are caused by volcanic eruptions or by plates moving apart. Oceanic crust 2-This leads to a gap being formed in the crust. Divergent or constructive boundaries 12

13. Describe and explain the characteristic features of a constructive boundary. (4) What are the features? Mid-ocean ridges, volcanic islands and earthquakes are the features of a constructive boundary. The question asks for an explanation, i.e. the reasons for these features. You may answer this question using the ‘case study’, i.e. located example, of the Mid-Atlantic constructive boundary. 13

14. Destructive/Convergent boundaries A- Oceanic-continental boundaries B- Continental-continental boundaries C- Oceanic-oceanic boundaries 14

15. Ocean-to-continent boundary Nazca Plate (Oceanic) South American Plate (Continental) Mantle Pacific Ocean Volcano Trench Andes fold mountains Subduction zone 2-The Nazca Plate (oceanic) is being subducted below the South American Plate (continental). 3-Friction and pressure cause earthquakes to occur along the subduction zone 4-The heat from the mantle causes the oceanic plate to be destroyed. 5-The melting plate creates lighter magma that rises towards the surface to form volcanoes. 6-The Peru-Chile trench forms where the oceanic plate is being subducted. 7-The collision causes folding and uplift of rocks which form fold mountains. Earthquakes 1-The Nazca Plate and the South American Plate move towards each other due to convection currents. 15

16. b- Continental-to-continental boundary 16 1- When two continental plates meet at a destructive boundary, a slow collision takes place as both plates have a low density. 2- This results in intense folding and uplift and leads to the formation of fold mountains. 3- There is no subduction. Therefore, there are no volcanoes. 4- However, earthquakes occur due to the collision of the plates.

17. Ocean-to-ocean boundaries 17 Eurasian Plate Philippine Plate Ryuku Islands (Japan) 2-The Philippine Plate is subducted beneath the Eurasian Plate. 1- Due to convection currents in the mantle, the two oceanic plates collide. 3- As it is subducted, friction and pressure cause earthquakes along the subduction zone. Subduction zone 4- As the Philippine plate begins to melt, magma escapes to the surface to form volcanoes, a few kilometres from the trench. 5- After several eruptions, these volcanoes break the ocean surface to form islands 6- When several volcanic islands form together they are called an island arc.

18. Conservative [transform] boundaries 18 The San Andreas Fault in California marks the junction of the North American and Pacific plates. Both plates are moving north-west but at different speeds. Instead of slipping smoothly past each other, they tend to ‘stick’. The pressure builds up until suddenly the plates move forward and an earthquake occurs. There is no volcanic action because the crust is not being destroyed. Plates just slide past each other with crust neither created nor destroyed. Friction builds up and energy is released when the plates move forward, causing earthquakes.