1. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Chapter 7 Transmission Media

2. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical layer

3. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission media

4. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com 7.1 Guided Media Twisted-Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber-Optic Cable

5. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable

6. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.4 UTP and STP

7. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables CategoryBandwidthData RateDigital/AnalogUse 1very low< 100 kbpsAnalogTelephone 2 < 2 MHz2 MbpsAnalog/digitalT-1 lines 3 16 MHz 10 MbpsDigitalLANs 4 20 MHz 20 MbpsDigitalLANs 5 100 MHz 100 MbpsDigitalLANs 6 (draft) 200 MHz 200 MbpsDigitalLANs 7 (draft) 600 MHz 600 MbpsDigitalLANs

8. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.5 UTP connector

9. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.6 UTP performance

10. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.7 Coaxial cable

11. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Table 7.2 Categories of coaxial cables CategoryImpedanceUse RG-59 75  Cable TV RG-58 50  Thin Ethernet RG-11 50  Thick Ethernet

12. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.8 BNC connectors

13. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.9 Coaxial cable performance

14. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.10 Bending of light ray

15. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.11 Optical fiber

16. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.12 Propagation modes

17. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.13 Modes

18. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Table 7.3 Fiber types TypeCoreCladdingMode 50/125 50125Multimode, graded-index 62.5/125 62.5125Multimode, graded-index 100/125100125Multimode, graded-index 7/125 7125Single-mode

19. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.14 Fiber construction

20. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable connectors

21. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.16 Optical fiber performance

22. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com 7.2 Unguided Media: Wireless Radio Waves Microwaves Infrared

23. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless communication

24. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.18 Propagation methods

25. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Table 7.4 Bands BandRangePropagationApplication VLF3–30 KHzGroundLong-range radio navigation LF30–300 KHzGround Radio beacons and navigational locators MF300 KHz–3 MHzSkyAM radio HF3–30 MHzSky Citizens band (CB), ship/aircraft communication VHF30–300 MHz Sky and line-of-sight VHF TV, FM radio UHF300 MHz–3 GHzLine-of-sight UHF TV, cellular phones, paging, satellite SHF3–30 GHzLine-of-sightSatellite communication EHF30–300 GHzLine-of-sightLong-range radio navigation

26. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves

27. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional antennas

28. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems. Note:

29. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Figure 7.21 Unidirectional antennas

30. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs. Note:

31. Kashif Bashir www.Taleem.greatnow.com Infrared signals can be used for short- range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation. Note: