1. Exploratory Data Analysis
Chapter 3.4
Exploratory Data Analysis

2. Traditional Statistics
Data are organized by using a frequency distribution
Use distribution to create various graphs, histogram, frequency polygon, ogive
Mean and standard deviation are computer to summarize data
Purpose is to confirm various conjectures about the nature of the data

3. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
Purpose is to examine data to find out what information can be discovered about the data such as the center and the spread
Organized using a stem and leaf plot
Measure of central tendency is the median and variation is the interquartile range
Represented graphically using a boxplot

4. Quartiles
Quartiles divide the distribution into four groups, separated by Q1, Q2, Q3
Q1 is the same as the 25th percentile
Q2 is the same as the 50th percentile (median)
Q3 is the same as the 75th percentile
For example: 5, 6, 12, 13, 15, 18, 22, 50

5. The five number summary
The lowest value of the data set (minimum) Q1
the median Q3
The highest value of the data set (maximum)

6. Boxplot
A boxplot is a graph of a data set obtained by drawing a horizontal line from the minimum data value to Q1 , drawing a horizontal line from Q3 to the maximum data value, and drawing a box whose vertical sides pass through Q1 and Q3 with a vertical line inside the box passing through the median or Q2

7. Procedure for constructing a boxplot
Find the five-number summary for the data values
Draw a horizontal axis with a scale such that it includes the maximum and the minimum data values.
Draw a box whose vertical sides go through Q1 and Q3 and draw a vertical line through the median
Draw a line from the minimum data value to the left side of the box and a line from the maximum data value to the right side of the box.

8. Number of Meteorites Found
The number of meteorites found in 10 states of the U. S. is 89, 47, 164, 296, 30, 215, 138, 78, 48, 39. Construct a boxplot for the data

9. Information obtained from a boxplot
If the median is near the center of the box, the distribution is approximately symmetric
If the median falls to the left for the center of the box, the distribution is positively (right) skewed.
If the median falls to the right of the center, the distribution is negatively (left) skewed.
If the lines are about the same length, the distribution is approximately symmetric
If the right line is larger than the left line, the distribution is positively (right) skewed
If the left line is larger than the right line, the distribution is negatively (left) skewed

10. Sodium Content of Cheese
A dietitian is interest in comparing the sodium content of real cheese with the sodium content of a cheese substitute. Compare the distribution using boxplots.
Real Cheese
Cheese Substitute
310
4520 45 40
270
180
250
290
220
240 90
130
260
340

11. Resistant Statistic
A resistant statistic is relatively less affected by outliers than a nonresistant statistic.
The mean and standard deviation are nonresistant statistics
Sometimes, when a distribution is skewed or contains outliers, the median and interquartile range may more accurately summarize the data than the mean and standard deviation

12. Correspondence between traditional and exploratory data analysis
 Frequency Distribution
 Stem and leaf plot
 Histogram
 boxplot
 Mean
 median
 Standard Deviation
 interquartile range

13. Try it!
Applying the concepts 3-4
Pg. 174