1. Videos Mei-Chen Yeh

2. Outline Video representation Basic video compression concepts – Motion estimation and compensation Some slides are modified from Prof. Chu’s slides.

3. Videos A natural video stream is continuous in both spatial and temporal domains. A digital video stream sample pixels in both domains.

4. Video processing YC b C r

5. Video signal representation (1) Composite color signal – R, G, B – Y, C b, C r Why Y, C b, C r ? – Backward compatibility (back- and-white to color TV) – The eye is less sensitive to changes of C b and C r components Luminance (Y) Chrominance (C b + C r )

6. Video signal representation (2) Y is the luma component and C b and C r are the blue and red chroma components. YCbCb CrCr

7. Sampling formats (1) 4:4:44:2:2 (DVB)4:1:1 (DV) Slide from Dr. Ding

8. Sampling formats (2) 4:2:0 (VCD, DVD)

9. TV encoding system (1) PAL – Phase Alternating Line, is a color encoding system used in broadcast television systems in large parts of the world. SECAM – (French: Séquential Couleur Avec Mémoire), is an analog color television system first used in France. NTSC – National Television System Committee, is the analog television system used in most of North America, South America, Burma, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, and some Pacific island nations and territories.

10. TV encoding system (2)

11. Other frame formats CIF (352x288) Common Interchange Format QCIF (176x144) Quarter Common Interchange Format

12. Uncompressed bitrate of videos Slide from Dr. Chang

13. Outline Video representation Basic video compression concepts – Motion estimation and compensation

14. Video compression A video is a sequence of correlated frames. Compression: remove redundancy – Make use of the temporal correlation! – The previous reconstructed frame is used to generate a prediction for the current frame.

15. Video compression Intra coding: Compress one frame without referring to other frames – Each pixel has to be compressed – DCT → Quantization → Entropy coding Inter coding: Compress one frame depending on the previously encoded frame – Only compress moving objects and new objects – Background can be ignored ~ Image compression

16. Example 1. Compress and in frame 1. 2. Compress the motion of in remaining frames.  Direction and magnitude 1 234 Slide from VC Lab

17. Motion compensation (1) Objects tend to move between frames Slide from Prof. Bernd Girod

18. Motion compensation (2) Block-based motion compensation – Divide a frame into blocks – Search the previous reconstructed frame for the most matching block – Motion vector: the offsets between block locations search area

19. Motion compensation: Example Slide from Prof. Bernd Girod

20. Motion-compensated decoder Coded Bitstream VLD IDCT Motion Compensation Previous Frame memory Reconstructed frame MV Residual Slide from VC Lab

21. Motion-compensated encoder Slide from VC Lab Motion Compensated Predictor DCT + Q iDCT + iQ MV = ( d x, d y )  ‚ ƒ „ Residuals Previous Frame Buffer

22. Three types of coded picture I frame (Intraframe) – Encoded without any temporal prediction P frame (Forward Predicted Frame) – Encoded using motion prediction from the previous I or P frame B frame (Bidirectionally Predicted Frame) – Encoded using interpolated motion prediction between the previous I or P frames and the next I or P frames

23. Example: A typical Group of Picture (GOP) in MPEG-2

24. Summary Video compression concepts – C b, C r sampling – Motion compensation and estimation The encoder mimics the behavior of the decoder Unbalanced computing: searching for a good prediction can be time consuming – GOP structure