1. UN Security Council: the expansion debate “The UN’s most powerful decision- making body is its most prominent anachronism”, - “The UN’s most powerful decision- making body is its most prominent anachronism”, - these are the words that best reflect the most countries’ opinion on the UN Security Council. these are the words that best reflect the most countries’ opinion on the UN Security Council.

2. UN Security Council: the expansion debate Nowadays, few still argue that the UN Security Council, in which Africa, Latin America and the Islamic World have no permanent voice, can genuinely speak for the international community; Nowadays, few still argue that the UN Security Council, in which Africa, Latin America and the Islamic World have no permanent voice, can genuinely speak for the international community; Iraq crisis (2003) generated a debate on the functioning and the efficacy of the Security Council and of the UN itself. Iraq crisis (2003) generated a debate on the functioning and the efficacy of the Security Council and of the UN itself.

3. UN Security Council: the expansion debate The UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan: “the need for SC reform is not questioned It needs new members and more of them, but how many, and which ones?” The UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan: “the need for SC reform is not questioned It needs new members and more of them, but how many, and which ones?” Will the expansion lead to the dilution of SC’s power and make the SC weaker in terms of decision making? Will the expansion lead to the dilution of SC’s power and make the SC weaker in terms of decision making?

4. UN Security Council: the expansion debate Proponents of expansion: Proponents of expansion: - greater representation will grant additional legitimacy of Council resolutions; - greater representation will grant additional legitimacy of Council resolutions; Many experts disagree: Many experts disagree: - history and experience suggest that expansion will impede the ability of the Security Council to act promptly and decisively. - history and experience suggest that expansion will impede the ability of the Security Council to act promptly and decisively.

5. UN Security Council: the expansion debate Security Council is the first among six equal bodies in the U.N. system;Security Council is the first among six equal bodies in the U.N. system; UN Charter created an 11-member Security Council that included five permanent seats for the victorious powers of World War II (USA, UK, France, China, USSR) + six elected seats for other member states to hold for two-year terms;UN Charter created an 11-member Security Council that included five permanent seats for the victorious powers of World War II (USA, UK, France, China, USSR) + six elected seats for other member states to hold for two-year terms; 1963 – amendment to the UN Charter added four more elected seats for a total of 15 members.1963 – amendment to the UN Charter added four more elected seats for a total of 15 members.

6. UN Security Council: the expansion debate Membership in the U.N. now totals 191 Membership in the U.N. now totals 191 Many members again are for expansion of the Security Council: Many members again are for expansion of the Security Council: - Germany, Italy, Japan - Germany, Italy, Japan - Non-Aligned Movement (UN General Assembly coalition for developing countries) “Every country looks to its own advantage when it comes to reform of the composition of the Council.” “Every country looks to its own advantage when it comes to reform of the composition of the Council.”

7. UN Security Council: the expansion debate Germany and Japan on the basic economic influence see themselves as potential new permanent members;Germany and Japan on the basic economic influence see themselves as potential new permanent members; A single permanent seat was suggested for the European Union;A single permanent seat was suggested for the European Union; Some developing countries consider themselves natural candidates for permanent membership (India, Brazil, Nigeria).Some developing countries consider themselves natural candidates for permanent membership (India, Brazil, Nigeria).

8. UN Security Council: the expansion debate Many middle powers oppose the reform entirely: Many middle powers oppose the reform entirely: - Italy’s proposal is to create no new permanent members, but rather a new class of rotating seats. - Italy’s proposal is to create no new permanent members, but rather a new class of rotating seats.

9. UN Security Council: the expansion debate Such countries as the United States, France, China, and Russia believe: Such countries as the United States, France, China, and Russia believe: if the Security Council membership is increased to some 25 or more states, the Council may become a smaller version of the unwieldy and quarrelsome General Assembly. if the Security Council membership is increased to some 25 or more states, the Council may become a smaller version of the unwieldy and quarrelsome General Assembly.

10. Conclusion Debate at the UN on the issue of composition is currently deadlocked; Debate at the UN on the issue of composition is currently deadlocked; While everyone has their favorite scheme for reform of the composition of the Council…their second best is the status quo; While everyone has their favorite scheme for reform of the composition of the Council…their second best is the status quo; Lack of progress reflects badly on the unity of the United Nations. Lack of progress reflects badly on the unity of the United Nations.