1. Storage Solutions to Improve Food Security for Small Farmers
Floyd Dowell, Ph.D.
USDA ARS
Center for Grain and Animal Health Research
Manhattan, Kansas

2. Post-Harvest Losses
10-33% of grain is lost to insects after harvest in developing countries

3. Post-Harvest Losses
10-33% of grain is lost to insects after harvest in developing countries.
Most grain storage research addresses large commercial storage structures, where losses are usually very low.

4. Post-Harvest Losses
10-33% of grain is lost to insects after harvest in developing countries.
Most grain storage research addresses large commercial storage structures where losses are low.
HOWEVER, many small farmers store grain at home in India and Africa, where losses are much higher

5. Post-Harvest Losses
10-33% of grain is lost to insects after harvest in developing countries.
Most grain storage research addresses large commercial storage structures.
HOWEVER, many small farmers store grain at home in India and Africa.
Most funding agencies overlook on-farm storage needs.

6. But is there really anything wrong with a little insect damage
But is there really anything wrong with a little insect damage? Aren’t insects just “protein”?

7. Effect of Insect Damage on Grain Quality
Total protein increases as starch decreases
Thus insects are likely converting starch to protein
But

8. Effect of Insect Damage on Grain Quality
Jood et al (Jaryana Ag. University) showed that although Total PC increase, the True PC decreases!

9. Effect of Insect Damage on Grain Quality
Jood et al also showed that digestibility and weight gain decrease significantly with infestation.

10. Effect of Insect Damage on Grain Quality
Besides a loss in nutrients, there is an obvious loss in grain weight.

12. Current Types of Insect Control
Chemical dusts (Actellic Super, Actellic Golden Dust, Shumba Super, Stocal Super, Spinosad)
Chemical gas (Phostoxin, Methyl Bromide)
Diatomacious earths (Protect-It, PyriSec, and DEA-P, Dryacide )
Oxygen-free storage using bags such as those provided by GrainPro, or triple bagging promoted in West Africa.

13. Problems with some available methods:
Counterfeits!

14. Problems with some available methods:
Rodents and insects chewing through commercial oxygen-free bags.
Rats!

15. What Alternatives are Available for Small Farmers with Few Resources?
Treated bednets
Repellents
Controlled atmosphere

16. What Alternatives are Available for Small Farmers with Few Resources?
Treated bednets

17. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects - Insecticide Treated Seed Bags -
Similar technology as used in insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control.
After 3 weeks, there were no live insects in treated bags.
Untreated bags had significant damage.
Control (left) and Treated Bag (right)

18. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects - Insecticide Treated Seed Bags -
Vestergaard-Frandsen is working on a treated seed bag appropriate for developing countries.
May possibly provide stored grain pest and mosquito control with one bag?
Potential Test Site

19. What Alternatives are Available for Small Farmers with Few Resources?
Treated bednets
Repellents

20. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects - Food-Safe Repellent -
Same technology as used for repelling flies, mosquitoes, and other disease vectors.
No insect damage at a 1% w/w application rate.
Test Cage

21. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects - Food-Safe Repellent -
We are working with the CDC and Stratacor to field test this repellent in grain in Kenya.

22. What Alternatives are Available for Small Farmers with Few Resources?
Treated bednets
Repellents
Controlled atmosphere

23. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects - Controlled Atmosphere Storage -
Composting material can be used to produce carbon dioxide that can then be used to control insects in storage.
CO2
CO2

24. Appropriate Technologies to Control Insects - Controlled Atmosphere Storage -
Composting material can be used to produce carbon dioxide that can then be used to control insects in storage.
Extracted CO2 from Composting Material
Controlled Atmosphere Storage

25. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects - Controlled Atmosphere Storage -

26. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects - Controlled Atmosphere Storage -
We showed that as oxygen content decreases and carbon dioxide content increases, damage by insects decreases.

27. Appropriate Alternatives to Control Insects
In summary, the following low-cost solutions may soon be available to help improve food security for small farmers.
Treated seed bags
Repellents
Controlled atmosphere storage
All have a very low cost