1. Water supply in the Slums Hulya Dagdeviren and Simon A. Robertson This research project has been supported by the International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth Water Governance : Beyond Tame Solutions for Wicked Problems London International Development Centre 10 March 2009

2. Outline 1) Introduction : Trends in slum developments 2) Policy challenges for water supply in the slums 3) Varieties of access to water in the slums 4) Neo-liberal policy shift and water supply 5) Failures of market based solutions for water supply in slums

3. Slum population as % of urban population Source: UN-Habitat

4. Slum Management Approaches Forced or legal evictions Inert policies Slum upgrading The whole process of managing slums is highly political. Forced or legal evictions Inert policies Slum upgrading The whole process of managing slums is highly political.

5. Policy challenges for water supply Lack of land tenure & the obligation to serve … [once] pipes are installed in areas, their permanence may be seen as providing a stamp of approval …by the residents. WUP (2003) Formalisation of settlement conditions can provide incentives for faster growth of slums. Formalisation may benefit the non-poor Lack of land tenure & the obligation to serve … [once] pipes are installed in areas, their permanence may be seen as providing a stamp of approval …by the residents. WUP (2003) Formalisation of settlement conditions can provide incentives for faster growth of slums. Formalisation may benefit the non-poor Technical difficulties Spontaneous development of slums may hinder building water network Buildings fail urban planning regulations Land occupied my not be suitable for water infrastructure (e.g. flood plains, hills, ravines) Technical difficulties Spontaneous development of slums may hinder building water network Buildings fail urban planning regulations Land occupied my not be suitable for water infrastructure (e.g. flood plains, hills, ravines)

6. Varieties of access to water in the slums 1)Access through formal network – E.g. Public taps, kiosks, illegal use or connections 2) Other sources of access – Use of private wells – Purchase from neighbours with residential supply – Purchase from water carts and trucks – Community schemes – Rivers, ponds, lakes 1)Access through formal network – E.g. Public taps, kiosks, illegal use or connections 2) Other sources of access – Use of private wells – Purchase from neighbours with residential supply – Purchase from water carts and trucks – Community schemes – Rivers, ponds, lakes

7. Urban HHs w/o piped water, 1990 Urban HHs w/o piped water, 2004 Urban HHs w/o piped water, 1990 Urban HHs w/o piped water, 2004 Liberia7999Niger8165 Uganda7693Ghana6063 Chad90 Zambia4759 Angola9985Burundi6858 Nigeria6885Eritrea6058 Madagascar7284Tanzania6757 Mozambique6782Sudan2554 Benin8275Côte dIvoire5352 Cameroon7475Kenya4148 Mali9271Lesotho8247 Burkina Faso7669Sierra Leone-40 Ethiopia9868Botswana6038 Mauritania8068Senegal5025 Rwanda7666South Africa13