1. Solution Concentration

2. Solution and Concentration
How can we express the amount of solute to solvent in a solution?
This is called the concentration
a measure of the number of particles of the solute in the solvent
Concentration =

3. Dilute Solutions Small quantity of solute per unit volume of solution.
Concentrated Solutions Large quantity of solute per unit volume of solution.

4. Ways to express concentration
3 ways of expressing concentration
Percentages
PPM or PPB concentrations
molar concentrations and mass concentrations

5. Percentage Concentration
% (w/w) =
W is weight same as mass
% (w/v) =
% (v/v) =

6. Everyday Examples Vinegar is 5% v/v acetic acid
5 mL of CH3COOH in 100 mL vinegar
Hydrogen peroxide is 3% m/v
3 g of H2O2 per 100 mL of solution
Yogurt is 2% m/m
2 g of milk fat per 100 g yogurt

8. Examples % V/V = 4.1 L / 55 L = 7.5% V/V
% W/V = 16 g / 50 mL = 32% W/V
% W/W = 1.7 g / 35.0 g = 4.9% W/W
More practice
What is the % W/W of copper in an alloy when 10 g of Cu is mixed with 250 g of Zn?
What is approximate % V/V if 30 mL of pure ethanol is added to 250 mL of water?
What is the % W/W if 8.0 g copper is added to enough zinc to produce 100 g of an alloy

10. % Concentration: % Mass Example
3.5 g of CoCl2 is dissolved in 100mL solution. Assuming the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL, what is concentration of the solution in % mass?
%m = 3.5 g CoCl2
100g H2O
= 3.5% (m/m)

11. Low concentrations
For very dilute solutions, weight/weight (w/w) and weight/volume (w/v)concentrations are sometimes expressed in parts per million (ppm).
Example:
Toxic substances found in the environment
Chlorine in a swimming pool
Metals in drinking water
Parts per million also can be expressed
as milligrams per liter (mg/L) (w/v)
As milligram per kilogram (mg/Kg) (w/w)

12. PPM learning check
1. Question: A solution has a concentration of 1.25g/L. What is its concentration in ppm?
Convert the mass in grams to a mass in milligrams:  1.25g = 1.25 x 1000mg = 1250mg
Re-write the concentration in mg/L = 1250mg/L = 1250ppm
2. Question: 150mL of an aqueous sodium chloride solution contains g NaCl. Calculate the concentration of NaCl in parts per million (ppm).
ppm = mass solute (mg) ÷ volume solution (L)
mass NaCl = g = x 1000mg = 4.5mg 
volume solution = 150mL = 150 ÷ 1000 = 0.150L
concentration of NaCl = 4.5mg ÷ 0.150L = 30mg/L = 30ppm

13. Molar concentration C = n / V
is able to compare the amount of solute (moles) dissolved in a certain volume of solution.
Molar concentration (mol/L) or also called Molarity (M)
= Moles of solute (n)/Volume of solution (V MUST be in litres)
is the number of moles of solute in one litre of a solution. We use "M" to denote molar concentration and it has the units of"mol/L".
C = n / V
n = C x V

14. Concentration: Molarity Example
If g of KMnO4 is dissolved in enough water to give 250. mL of solution, what is the molarity of KMnO4?
As is almost always the case, the first step is to convert the mass of material to moles.
MM = g/mol(39+55+(4X16)
n= m/MM
0.435 g KMnO4 / g/ mol = mol KMnO4
Now that the number of moles of substance is known, this can be combined with the volume of solution — which must be in liters — to give the molarity. Because 250. mL is equivalent to L .
Molarity KMnO4 = mol KMnO4 = Mol/L = M
0.250 L solution

15. Molarity learning check
How many moles of H2SO4 are there in 250mL  of a 0.8M sulphuric acid solution?
If 20g of NaOH is dissolved in sufficient water to produce 500 mL of solution, calculate the molar concentration in molarity.
Questions
What is the molarity of the solution formed by dissolving 80 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 500 mLs of water? (Ar's: Na=23, O=16, H=1) Ans = 4 M
What is the molarity of the solution formed by dissolving 9.8 g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in 1000 cm3 of water? (Ar's: H=1, S=32, O=16) Ans = 0.1 M
3. What mass (g) of hydrogen chloride (HCl) is needed to make up 500cm3 of a solution of concentration 0.2mol/L? (Ar's: H=1, Cl=35.5) Ans = 3.65g

16. Preparing a Solution by Dilution
Dilution = the process of decreasing the concentration of a solution, usually by adding more solvent
Stock Solution = a solution that is in stock or on the shelf (i.e., available); usually a concentrated solution

17. Calculating the New Concentration of the Diluted Solution
C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
C1 = initial concentration
V1 = initial volume (volume of stock solution needed to make the concentration C2)
C2 = final concentration
V2 = final volume
Page 306 Q#6-7

18. Sample Problem
Water is added to 0.200L of 2.40mol/L NH3(aq) cleaning solution, until the final volume is 1.000L. Find the molar concentration of the final, diluted solution.