1. The Rise of the Islamic World

2. Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim c. 570 – 8 June 632 Born in Mecca. Raised by his uncle. A merchant. Would periodically retreat to a cave to pray: – c. 610 Visited by the angle Gabriel who gave him his first revelation. – Began preaching of submission to a single supreme being. Forced to flee to Medina in 622. – Marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

3. “Year One” ? Islamic Calendar – Anno Hegirae 1435 – System created in 638 CE by Caliph Umar Hebrew Calendar, calculated by Maimonides in 1178 CE: – Year One = 7 October 3761 BC/BCE, c. 1 year before creation – This year is Anno Mundi 5775 “Christian Calendar,” based on the Roman calendar. – No “Year One” Anno Domini 2014 – Devised by Dionysius Exiguus in 525 CE Chinese Calendar – Invented by the Emperor Huangdi in 2637 BCE. – 2014 = 4712 The Year of the Horse

4. Unites the tribes around Medina with the “Constitution of Medina.” Raises an army of 10,000 Conquers Mecca, 11 January 630 CE – Cleanses the Kaaba – Pagan idols destroyed

5. Quran (Qur'an, Koran) Verbal revelations to Muḥammad, 609 – 632. Muhammad’s verbal recounting of the revelations written down by his followers. Compilations produced after his death. Standardized c. 650.

6. The Five Pillars of Islam Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms giving Pilgrimage to Mecca

7. Shair’a – “The entirety of Islamic morality and law, revealed in the Quran and the tradition” Jihad – “According to Islamic tradition, war against unbelievers or pagans.” – Used 41 times in the Quran – “striving in the way of God” “al-jihad fi sabil Allah"

8. The Constitution (charter) of Medina “To the Jew who follows us belong help and equality. He shall not be wronged nor shall his enemies be aided.” “The Jews must bear their expenses and the Muslims their expenses. Each must help the other against anyone who attacks the people of this document. They must seek mutual advice and consultation, and loyalty is a protection against treachery. A man is not liable for his ally’s misdeeds. The wronged must be helped.” The Jews of the B‘Auf are one community with the believers (the Jews have their religion and the Muslims have theirs)...

9. Shura شورى "Those who hearken to their Lord, and establish regular Prayer; who (conduct) their affairs by mutual consultation among themselves; who spend out of what We bestow on them for Sustenance" [are praised].” 38 th verse, 42 nd Sura

10. Shura شورى “Thus it is due to mercy from God that you deal with them gently, and had you been rough, hard hearted, they would certainly have dispersed from around you; pardon them therefore and ask pardon for them, and take counsel with them in the affair; so when you have decided, then place your trust in God; surely God loves those who trust.” 159 th verse, 3 rd Sura

11. 630 Mecca 732 Poiters

12. Why? Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia exhausted. Minority groups often welcomed Moslem armies as liberators.

13. Constantinople unsuccessfully besieged – 674–678 – 717–718 France unsuccessfully invaded – 721 - defeated at Toulouse – 732 - defeated at Tours (aka Poitiers)

15. Rashidun Caliphate - 632-661 “Caliph” = successor Abu Bakr, Muhammad's oldest and longest friend Ali, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law Abu Bakr chosen as first Caliph Umar Ibn Khattab (634-644) – Organizes the Islamic state – Allows local language, religion, and customs – Established the Islamic calendar lunar calendar year 1 = 622, the year of the Hijra – Assassinated

16. Uthman Ibn Affan (644-656) – Formed the committee that compiled the Q’ran – Seen as too powerful and assassinated Ali ibn Abi Talib (656-661) – Replaced governors – Moved capitol from Medina to Kufa – Assassinated The First Fitna, 656–661 (Sha-Sunni split) End of the Rashidun Caliphate

17. Branches of Islam Sunni Islam – Muhammad did not appoint a successor – The caliph can be democratically selected Shia Islam – Rightful leadership comes from the Prophet’s family Sufism

18. Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) – Fell because of rapid expansion (?) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) – Initially support Shia faction of Islam – Move capitol to Baghdad – Umayyad’s remain in power in Spain (al-Andalus) – Mongols capture Baghdad in 1258 – The “Golden Age of Islam” – Development of an Islamic identity based on Arabic

19. “The Golden Age” “House of Wisdom” (813-833) – Variety of works translated into Arabic – Roman law provides basis for Islamic law Reconciliation of Plato and Aristotle with Islam – Abu Yusuf al-Kindi (801-873) – Muhammad al-Farabi (“Abunaser”) (870-950) – Abu Ali al-Husayn Ibn Sina (“Avicenna”) (980-1037) – Abu al-Walid Muhammad Ibn Rushd (“Averröes”) (1126-1198) – Abd al-Rahman Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)

20. Mouhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī (780-850) “Arabic” numerals and decimal system adopted from India Invents algebra – The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing Also wrote on – arithmetic – astronomy – trigonometry – geography (revised Ptolemy)

21. Islamic Medicine Understanding of the basic Greek work Continued observation and development – ophthalmology – obstetrics and pediatrics – pharmacology

27. Mosque at Cordoba 600-987 (780)

28. "Sacred for lovers of art, you are the glory of faith, You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land!“ - Muhammad Iqbal

29. Alcázar, Seville, 12 th century

31. 13 th century

32. 968

33. c. 900

35. 1632–1653