2. EARTHQUAKES Chapter 6 Honors earth science

3. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/

4. apps Apps Quake Feed Earthquake! Earthquake map and alerts Earthquake- Quake Tracker

5. LARGEST QUAKES SINCE 1900 Chile19609.5 Alaska19649.2 Alaska19579.1 Sumatra 20049.1 Japan20119.0 Chile 20108.8

6. MAJOR RECENT QUAKES Sumatra 9.1 12/26/04 230,000 Haiti 7.01/12/10316,000 Chile 8.82/27/10 810 Japan 9.03/11/11 28,000 + Chile 8.2 2014 6 Nepal 7.8 4/25/2015 8,000+

7. What is an Earthquake? Vibration of earth from rapid release of energy (from plate boundaries) Focus- Epicenter-

8. After shocks Smaller quakes following “main shock” Plate readjusting to new location

9. faults

10. Normal fault tensional stress along divergent boundaries footwall Hanging wall

12. Reverse (thrust) fault compressional stress along convergent boundaries footwall Hanging wall

18. Strike slip shearing stress along transform boundaries

21. San Andreas Fault

22. EARTHQUAKE WAVES

23. A seismogram records wave amplitude vs. time

24. GPS seismometer

25. Seismograph

27. P waves Primary travel fastest travels through solids AND liquids compressional wave –push/pull

28. Primary (P) waves

29. S waves Secondary travels only through solids (NOT liquids) Up and down motion

30. Secondary (S) waves

31. Surface waves Travel on surface slow Movement is similar to water waves

32. Michigan quake 5/2/15

33. Mantle info: core info: outer= inner=

34. A time-travel graph is used to find the distance to the epicenter

35. The epicenter is located using three or more seismograph

36. INTENSITY OF QUAKE Depends on –energy released (magnitude) –distance from epicenter –rock type (soft=worse) –Depth (shallow=worse)

38. SCALES Richter (1935) 1 to ? –each step 10x more energy than previous step Moment Magnitude –Mw –Good for large quakes –Most accurate Mercalli (1902) –measures damage –I- XII

43. Who wants to move to CA?

44. Intra plate earthquakes Occasionally a quake will occur in the middle of a plate- INTRAPLATE –stress fractures? Ancient faults –Volcanic?

46. Michigan earthquakes Year Date Lat. Long. Mag. City 1877 Aug 17 42.40 83.25 3.2 Greenfield 1938 Mar 13 42.08 83.17 3.8 Gibralter 1938 Mar 14 42.08 83.17 ? Gibralter 1947 Aug 10 41.928 85.004 4.7 Coldwater 1977 Oct 26 47.1 87.1 2.7 L Superior 1980 Apr 29 47.2 87.8 0.5 L Superior 1982 Nov 26 42.17 85.48 2.5 Scotts 1994 Sep 02 42.57 84.64 3.4 Central Lansing 2001 Oct 23 42.34 84.76 2.9 Prairie L

47. NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKES Magnitude 8.1 (approx) Dec. 1811-1812 5 th worst earthquake in US history Rang church bells in Detroit Made Mississippi River flow backwards

49. Earthquake hazards Structural damage –Most common Tsunamis Fires (electrical lines + gas lines) Landslides liquifaction

50. Liquifaction

51. Formation of a tsunami

55. Japan tsunami 2011 video

57. tsumami

58. Bay Bridge 1989

59. Kobe, Japan

60. Alaskan school, Good Friday 1964

61. Olympia Washington, 1949

62. Bird’s eye view of tents among rubble in Tangshan

63. Pakistan 2005

64. What to do in a earthquake? Protect yourself from falling debris –Under tables –Duck and cover DO NOT –Light fire (gas leaks?) –Go to basement!