1. Educational standards and economic and social development Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Lisbon Council Brussels, 14 September 2005 Andreas Schleicher Head, Indicators and Analysis Division OECD Directorate for Education

2. Making Europe the world‘s premier knowledge economy by 2010. Using education as a lever to compete by working smarter, rather than working harder or cheaper.

3. Flexibility Knowledge Innovation Connectiveness Where are the drivers of the knowledge economy in education?

4. Delivering high level qualifications. A world of change.

5. Growth in university-level qualifications Approximated by the percentage of persons with ISCED 5A/6 qualfication in the age groups 55-64, 45-55, 45-44 und 25-34 years (2003) 14 23 3 21 9 10 A1.3a 1 2 15 16

6. Borderless education: Where international students go Percentage of foreign tertiary students reported to the OECD who are enrolled in each country of destination According to the Shanghai rating, 17 of the world’s top 20 universities are in the United States

7. Percentage of foreign students in tertiary education (1998, 2003) Percentage of foreign students to total enrolment in tertiary education 2 3 4 6 7 9 1 5 8 % C3.1

8. From institutions to qualifications Tertiary-type A graduation rates, by duration (2003) %

9. Science tertiary-type A graduates per 100000 employed in the age rage 25-34 years (2003) %

10. A moving target Sum of net entry rates into tertiary education for single year of age (2003) % Current graduation rate

12. Mobilising resources Who pays for education and who benefits ?

13. Investment in high-level qualifications Expenditure on tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2002) B2.1 Economies and ideologies …in Austria, Germany, Denmark and Norway private sources contribute a much larger share of the costs of early childhood education and care than for tertiary education

14. Annual expenditure per student on educational institutions, in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs

15. Changes in spending per student in tertiary education relative to different factors (1995=100, 2002 constant prices )

16. The earnings advantage of education Relative earnings of 25-64-year-olds with income from employment (upper secondary education=100)

17. Where do high skills pay? Distribution of 25-64-year-olds by level of earnings EU United States

18. The returns on high level qualifications Private internal rates of return (RoR) for an individual obtaining a university-level degree (ISCED 5/6) from an upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level of education (ISCED 3/4), MALES

19. Private internal rates of return (RoR) for an individual obtaining a university-level degree (ISCED 5/6) from an upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level of education (ISCED 3/4) (2002) MALES

20. Private internal rates of return (RoR) for an individual obtaining a university-level degree (ISCED 5/6) from an upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level of education (ISCED 3/4) (2002) FEMALES

21. The driving forces of GDP per capita growth Average annual percentage change (1990-2000) Ireland, Korea, Mexico and Turkey were the only countries where demography made a significant positive impact on GDP per capita growth… Increases in employment rates made a big contribution to growth in some countries But in almost all countries, the biggest contribution came from increased labour productivity …in others it is beginning to act as a slight drag on growth While declines in employment rates reduced growth in others But where does labour productivity growth come from… …and why does it vary so much across countries?

22. Enhancements in human capital contribute to labour productivity growth Average annual percentage change (1990-2000)

24. Making lifelong learning a reality. For all.

25. Participation of the labour force in non-formal job- related continuing education and training (2003) %

26. %

27. %

29. Who can afford these productivity differentials ? How school performance varies.

30. Variation of performance between schools Variation of performance within schools Consistency in quality standards Variation in the performance of 15-year-olds in mathematics OECD (2004), Learning for tomorrow’s world: First results from PISA 2003, Table 4.1a, p.383. 111 14 12 5

31. Consistency in quality standards Variation in student performance in mathematics Variation of performance between schools Variation of performance within schools Variation explained by socio-economic level of students and schools OECD (2004), Learning for tomorrow’s world: First results from PISA 2003, Table 4.1a, p.383. 28 22 4 6 26 16 15 3

33. Using the potential. Equality in outcomes and equity in opportunities.

34. Student performance School performance and schools’ socio- economic background - Germany Advantage PISA Index of social background Disadvantage Figure 4.13 School proportional to size Student performance and student SES Student performance and student SES within schools School performance and school SES

35. Student performance School performance and schools’ socio- economic background - Finland Advantage PISA Index of social background Disadvantage Figure 4.13 Student performance and student SES Student performance and student SES within schools School performance and school SES School proportional to size

37. Making education a knowledge rich profession

38. One challenge – different approaches The tradition of education systems has been “knowledge poor” The future of education systems needs to be “knowledge rich” National prescription Professional judgement Informed professional judgement, the teacher as a “knowledge worker” Informed prescription Uninformed professional judgement Uninformed prescription, teachers implement curricula

39. Further information www.pisa.oecd.org –All national and international publications –The complete micro-level database email: pisa@oecd.org Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org …and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinion

40. What can a 15-year-old expect in the next 15 years ? (2003)

41. Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (1995, 2002) Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education %

42. Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (1995, 2002) Tertiary education %

43. Share of the 25-to-29-year-olds who are unemployed and not in education, by level of educational attainment (2003) %

44. The situation of the youth population with low levels of education (2003) Share of 20-to-24-year olds who have not attained upper secondary education and who are no longer in education %

45. D1.2. Total number of intended instruction hours in public institutions between ages 7 and 14 (2003) Cumulative number of intended instructions hours

46. D2.1. Average class size in lower secondary education (2003) Number of students per class in public and private institutions Number of students per class

47. D3.2. Teachers salaries in lower secondary education (2003) Annual statutory teachers’ salaries in public institutions for teachers of lower secondary education, in equivalent US dollars converted using PPPs Equivalent US dollars converted using purchasing power parities

48. D3.1b. Ratio of statutory salaries after 15 years of experience to GDP per capita for teachers in lower secondary education (2003) Ratio

49. D4.2. Number of teaching hours per year, by level of education (2003) Net contact time in hours per year in public institutions Hours per year