1. Chapter 9 Environmental physics 9.1 Theory of environmental physics 9.2 Environmental atmosphere diffusion theory 9.3 The diffusion theory of pollutant in water 9.4 The diffusion discipline through other substances as media. 9.5 Pollution convection theory of environmental physics 9.6 Typical physical pollution analysis

2. 9.1 Theory of environmental physics Law of Thermodynamics law of conservation of matter The first law of thermodynamics （ law of conservation of energy ） All the substances of nature have energy, and energy has different forms, it can transfer from one form to another form, in the process of transference, the total number of energy is constant. The first law of thermodynamics （ law of conservation of energy ） All the substances of nature have energy, and energy has different forms, it can transfer from one form to another form, in the process of transference, the total number of energy is constant. The second law of thermodynamics （ Law of Entropy ） It can not use any form to transfer heat from object of lower temperature to object of high temperature, and produce other effect. The second law of thermodynamics （ Law of Entropy ） It can not use any form to transfer heat from object of lower temperature to object of high temperature, and produce other effect. The substance can neither be generated, nor perished, it can only transfer from one form to another form, and this is law of conservation of matter. The substance can neither be generated, nor perished, it can only transfer from one form to another form, and this is law of conservation of matter.

3. We can see from law of conservation of matter ：  The constituents of environment follow the famous law of conservation of matter and continually carrying out matter cycling  Each input, output of environment is balanced with accumulation amount. In the environmental system or sub-system, the quality equation can be written as: Accumulation=input-output  When the input rate of one system is constant and equals to output rate, the accumulation ratio is zero. This state is regarded as steady state

4. 9.2 Environment atmosphere diffusion theory 9.2.1 The theory basis of atmosphere diffusion Definition: the pollutant discharged into air is transferred, mixed, diluted by air level activity, turbulent flow diffusion activity as well as disturbance activity of different scale of atmosphere; this is regarded as diffusion of atmosphere pollutant.

5. Factors of atmosphere diffusion  Power factor  Thermal factors  Meteorological conditions It mainly indicates wind and turbulent flow, this has decisive role for the dilution and diffusion of pollutant. The weather condition favorable for wind speed increase and turbulent flow increase will facilitate the dilution and diffusion of pollutant; otherwise, it will aggravate pollution. It mainly indicates temperature lamination and atmosphere stability of atmosphere. We can usually find that the diffusion shape of smoke plume discharged from chimney has close relations to the temperature lamination  Inversion  Radiation and cloud

6. Figure 9-1 smoke in different temperature （ a ） wave-like （ b ） tapered spiral （ c ） loosely type （ d ） climbing （ e ） smoke Z——height T——temperature ——γ （ lapse rate of air temperature ）； ---------- γ d （ dry adiabatic lapse rate ）

7. Factors of atmosphere diffusion  Geographical factors underlying surface （ The influence of terrain and geophysics) mountain-valley breeze ： Due to the uneven heat generated by the hillside and valley. Figure 9-2 circulation of mountain-valley breeze

8. Factors of atmosphere diffusion Sea and land breeze ： it is caused by the difference of land and sea heat nature. sea wind conditions in daytime landwind conditions in night

9. 9.2.2 Turbulent flow diffusion theory Gradient transference theory: it is supposed the dispersion caused by air turbulent flow; it is similar to molecule diffusion and can use the same molecule equation to describe. Turbulent flow statics theory: supposing the particle in material is the same with successive fluid, when particle is in transference and diffusion, it will not happen chemistry and biology reaction, seize and quality of particle is not included, and regards particle activity is happening relative certain space.

10. 9.2.3 The diffusion model of atmospheric pollutants  Nature and component of pollutant The pollutant discharged into air generally is composed of each air and solid particle; their natures are determined by their chemical components.  The geometry and discharge form of pollution source. The diffusion model of pollution source According to the geometry of pollution source, it can be divided into following: point source, line source, surface source According to the duration of pollution discharge, it can be divided into instant source, continual source. According to the height of discharge source, it can be divided into ground source, elevated source and so on.

11.  Diffusion model of atmospheric pollutant On the basis of plenty inspection date analysis, Gauss used the supposed turbulent flow statics get the diffusion model under normality distribution. Figure 9-3 Coordinate system of gauss model

12.  Diffusion model  Point source diffusion model Point source Gauss model in infinite space. Diffusion model of elevated continual points. Diffusion model of ground continual points.  Line source diffusion model

13. 9.3 Environment atmospheric diffusion theory 9.3.1 Plug-flow transference It indicates the transference effect of pollutant under water flow effect. The plug-flow effect can only change the position of pollutant in water but not can decrease the density of pollutant. The transference gamma flux under effect of plug-flow, it can be calculated by the following formula:

14. 9.3.2 Dispersion effect  Molecule dispersion: the dispersed phenomenon caused by the random movement of molecule. The molecule dispersion process follows the first law of Fick, which is the quality gamma flux of molecule dispersion is in direct ratio to the density and gradient of dispersed substance.

15.  Dispersion of turbulent flow ： Dispersion of turbulent flow is a dispersed phenomenon that particle instantaneous value of each state in rivers relative to the random pulsation of its average value. When the turbulence, instant and pulsation speed of water particle is the random variable, turbulent flow diffusion speed can be expressed by the first law of Fick

16.  The dispersion effect ： The dispersion effect can be defined as the separation phenomenon that hour average value of turbulent speed of space point(or other state) and space average value of flow speed hour average value system difference. The quality flux o dispersion effect can be described by the first law of Fick.

17. 9.3.3 Diffusion and dilution model of pollutant in water  Diffusion and dilution of pollutant in river  Diffusion model of pollutant discharged into lake  Reaeration  The diffusion model of pollutant entering from river to sea

18. 9.4 The diffusion discipline used other substance as media 9.4.1 The depression discipline of sound wave transmission 9.4.2 Transference and diffusion theory of pollutant in soil 9.4.3 Transmission and depression discipline of electromagnetic wave

19. Convection theory ofenvironment physics pollution 9.5 Convection theory of environment physics pollution urban heat island circulation Because of urban heat island effect, the air in the center of urban is heated and continually ascending, the adjacent cold air will supplement to the city suburb, this kind of convection movement between urban and country is regarded as urban breeze, it is most obvious in the evening Figure 9-4 Schematic diagram of urban heat island

20. Radiative-convective equilibrium theroy Due to causes of power and heat, the air is always in the continual movement. On one aspect, the greenhouse gases such as CO2 has certain effect of increasing temperature, on the other hand, air turbulent flow is favorable for the transference of heat, so the overlapping of these two effect is just the influence on environment

21. Analyses ontypicalphysical pollution 9.6 Analyses on typical physical pollution 9.6.1 Noise pollution The definition of noise: we usually regard sound disturbing rest, study and work of human, that is also the sound that people need not to hear or harmful to human body, it is regarded as noise  Harm of noise affect the conversation and communication damage to hearing structure disturbance of sleep impact on human physiology, psychology

22. 9.6.2 Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic wave radiation has been listed as the fourth biggest pollution source by World Health Organization, it is widely existed in the daily life, such as TV, computer, wireless telephone, microwave oven, mobile are the electromagnetism pollution source. Electromagnetic radiation pollution can be divided into natural electromagnetic radiation and artificial electromagnetic radiation pollution: Natural electromagnetic radiation pollution resource

23. Artificial electromagnetic radiation pollution Types of pollution source Equipment name of production pollution source Pollution source Pollutio n source caused by dischar g ng corona discharge Power lines (wires for distribution ) The electrostatic induction, electromagnetic induction and electric leakage caused by high voltage and large current glow dischargedischarge tube White lamp, high-pressure mercury lamp and discharge tube arc discharge Switch, electric railways and discharge tube spark discharge Electrical equipment, engine, refrigerator, automobile, etc Rectifier, generators, discharge tube, ignition system Power frequency radiation field resource High power transmission line, electric equipment, electric railway The pollution caused by high voltage, large current power lines, electrical equipment Radio-frequency radiation field resource High-frequency heating equipment, heat and machine, microwave drying machine, physical machine, instrument, etc circuits which use to industrial and medical rf equipment, oscillation system Radio transmitters, household electric appliances, etc Radio, television, computers and wireless telephone, microwave oven, etc Buildings reflection High-rise buildings and large metal components Wall, steel, cranes, etc

24.  Green card ： The adverse effects and hazard on human health by electromagnetic radiation The influence of human health The influence of the visual system The influence of the blood system The harm to the immune function of body Cause Cardio ascular disease The influence of the central system

25. 9.6.3 Other physical pollution Light pollution: it is the phenomenon of excessive radiation of each light source (sunlight, lamplight, each reflected light as well as infrared ray and ultraviolet rays and so on) produces effect on surround environment, human activity and production environment. Light pollution: it is the phenomenon of excessive radiation of each light source (sunlight, lamplight, each reflected light as well as infrared ray and ultraviolet rays and so on) produces effect on surround environment, human activity and production environment. Heat pollution: heat pollution is the resulted environment pollution caused by each waste heat discharged by the increasingly modern industrial and agricultural production as well as human production activity. Heat pollution: heat pollution is the resulted environment pollution caused by each waste heat discharged by the increasingly modern industrial and agricultural production as well as human production activity. Radioactive pollution: radioactive pollution is the phenomenon that radioactive pollutant discharged by human activity, it level exceeds that of nature bottom value or exceeds the standard regulated by the nation Radioactive pollution: radioactive pollution is the phenomenon that radioactive pollutant discharged by human activity, it level exceeds that of nature bottom value or exceeds the standard regulated by the nation

26. light pollution

27. Figure 9-5 Radionuclide enter schemes

28.  Case study ： Indoor physical pollution  Radioactive pollution of decoration material  Harm: if the indoor ventilation is not good, human will subjected to radiation of high density radon, it can result in cancer, leukemia and air tube disease. It is predicted in China, indoor radon and its sub-body accounts for 3% to 20% in public cancer.  Prevention People should carry out inspection of radioactive body value before house decoration When buying material, people should claim the radioactivity inspection report. When decoration, people should reasonable allocate and use the decoration materials After decoration is completed, people can invite expert to do site inspection.

29.  Pollution of household appliances (take microwave for example) microwave have effects on cranial nerve microwave have effects on the resistivity of body the microwave food is not safe

30. Thank you