1. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF RADIO FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE DETECTION ALGORITHMS IN MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY José Miguel Tarongí Bauzá Giuseppe Forte Adriano Camps Carmona RSLab Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya

2. 2 Introduction  Radio Frequency interference (RFI) present in radiometric measurements lead to erroneous retrieval of physical parameters.  Several RFI mitigation methods developed: –Time analysis –Frequency analysis –Statistical analysis –Time-Frequency (T-F) analysis  Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) [1]  Wavelets [2]  STFT combines information in T-F, useful if frequency components vary over time.  Spectrogram → image representation of the STFT.  Image processing tools can detect RFI present in a spectrogram. [1]. Tarongi, J. M ; Camps, A.; “Radio Frequency Interference Detection Algorithm Based on Spectrogram Analysis”, IGARSS 2010, 2010, 2, 2499-2502. [2] Camps, A.; Tarongí, J.M.; RFI Mitigation in Microwave Radiometry Using Wavelets. Algorithms 2009, 2, 1248-1262. c

3. 3 Time analysis Frequency analysis Spectrogram analysis Introduction

4. 4 Hardware Settings  RFI detector hardware –Microwave radiometer based on a spectrum analyzer architecture –Composed by:  L-band horn antenna: Γ ≤ -17dB @ 1.4 – 1.427GHz  Chain of low noise amplifiers: 45dB Gain and 1.7dB Noise figure  Spectrum analyzer able to perform Spectrograms –Calibration and temperature control unnecessary  Only used to detect RFI –Measurements taken in the Remote Sensing lab from the UPC RFI detector Schematic

5. 5 Algorithm description  Objective ―> Image processing tools applied to the spectrogram to detect RFI.  1 st idea: use algorithms previously developed [1] –Pixels conforming the spectrogram obtained by the spectrum analyzer have a Raileigh distribution –Frequency response of the RFI detector hardware was not sufficiently flat  New algorithm developed –2D wavelet-based filtering to detect most part of the RFI –Frequency and time averaging to eliminate the residual RFI [1]. Tarongi, J. M ; Camps, A.; “Radio Frequency Interference Detection Algorithm Based on Spectrogram Analysis”, IGARSS 2010, 2010, 2, 2499-2502.

6. 6 Algorithm description  1 st part, 2D wavelet based filtering –Convolution with two Wavelet Line Detection (WLD) filters –WLD filters: matrixes based on a Mexican hat wavelet –Two different filters:  Frequency WLD (FWLD): detects sinusoidal RFI.  Time WLD (TWLD): detects impulse RFI. –Values of these filters:  FWLD: TR rows (15 ≤ TR ≤ 31), each one composed by the coefficient values of a Mexican hat wavelet of 11 samples  TWLD: TC columns (15 ≤ TC ≤ 31), each one composed by the coefficient values of a Mexican hat wavelet of 11 samples –RFI enhancement with the correlation of FWLD and TWLD with the spectrogram Mexican Hat coefficient values

7. 7 Algorithm description  1 st part, 2D wavelet based filtering –Threshold to discriminate RFI in both filtered spectrograms:  Function of the standard deviation of the RFI-free noise power ( ) which must be estimated  WLD threshold (TWLD or FWLD):  Threshold selected to have a P fa lower than 5·10 -4 –1 st part of the algorithm can be performed several times. with K = constant to determine the P fa c i = i th coefficient of the mexican hat wavelet (11 samples) N = # of rows/cols of the FWDL/TWDL filtered spectrogram

8. 8 Algorithm description  2 nd part, frequency and time averaging –After 2D wavelet filtering it still remains residual RFI, next pass:  Average of the frequency subbands  Average of the time sweeps –Spectrogram matrix is converted in two vectors. –RFI is eliminated with threshold proportional to the standard deviation of both vectors –Threshold selected to have a P fa lower than 5·10 -3

9. 9 Algorithm description Spectrogram * TWLD filter * 2D Convolution FWLD filter FWLD threshold TWLD threshold & 1 st pass RFI mitigation result Frequency subbands & Time sweeps average Yes Frequency threshold 2 nd pass RFI mitigation result RFI cleaned signal power ∑ Any frequency subband or time sweep with relatively high power (6 times above σ freq or σ time ) value? Time threshold & No

10. 10 Results  Measurements performed at the UPC (D3-213 bldg)  L-band (1.414 - 1.416 GHz)  Continuous sinusoidal wave and impulsional RFI detected: –Sinusoidal RFIVertical lines –ImpulseRFIHorizontal lines Spectrogram of a radiometric signal in the "protected" 1.400 - 1.427 MHz band with clear RFI contaminated pixels. – Vertical line: CW RFI at 1415.4 MHz – Horizontal line: Impulsional RFI at 36 s

11. 11 Results TWLD filtering and thresholding FWLD filtering and thresholding

12. 12 threshold Time averaged spectrogram Frequency averaged spectrogram threshold Results

13. 13 2D wavelet based filtering Frequency and time averaging Results

14. 14 Conclusions  Best RFI algorithm is actually a combination of: –2D image filtering of the spectrogram using line detection filters. –Time and frequency analysis to the remaining radiometric signal  System equalization may be performed: –Avoid false alarms from the RFI detection algorithm –Let the application of other RFI detection algorithms

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