1. 2.1 1 CGE Greenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training Workshop INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR

2. 2.2 2 SECTION A IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP sector activities Differentiating non-energy and energy related emissions IPCC source and sub-source categories or disaggregation Estimation methods Choice of methods Choice of activity data Choice of default emission factors Tools facilitating choice of EF and reporting IPCC emission factor database (EFDB) Tools facilitating reporting

3. 2.3 3 SECTION B GPG2000 Approach and Steps Good practice principles Choice of methods – Tier structure and selection criteria GPG2000 potential key sources and decision trees

4. 2.4 4 SECTION C Problems Using IPCC 1996GL GPG2000 Options/Suggested Approaches Difficulty in disaggregation of Country relevant Sources Activity Data (AD) Collection and confidential business information (CBI) Emissions Estimation methods and Reporting Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric ratios as EFs Lack of Emission Factors (2) Lack of AD and EFs

5. 2.5 5 SECTION C Problems Using IPCC 1996GL and Recommendations  Other specific issues and  Use of notation keys in reporting Tables 1& 2  Activity data collection and reporting  Institutional arrangements  Recommended capacity building

6. 2.6 6 SECTION D IPCC 1996GL Source Category Specific Problems of AD and EF GPG2000 Options

7. 2.7 7 SECTION E Inventory Quality Improvement and Uncertainty Reduction GPG2000 Approach – QA/QC

8. 2.8 8 SECTION A R evised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC 1996GL) INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR Approach and Steps

9. 2.9 9 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP Sector Activities Non-energy related physical and chemical processes in production activities leading to transformation of raw materials and emissions of GHG (e.g. decomposition reactions) Non-energy uses (NEU) of feedstock in process reactions or stage processes that do not only release heat but also act predominantly as reducing agent (e.g. metallurgical coke in the smelting of ores in metal production)

10. 2.10 10 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Definition of IP Sector Activities Feedstock delivered to petrochemical plants and used for manufacture of other products and not for energy purposes (e.g. use of natural gas or other fossils in the manufacture of ammonia) Production-related emissions NOT classified under IP but under energy sector are GHGs released from fuel combustion of feedstock in production activities as sources of energy / form of energy (i.e. heat, process steam or electricity generation).

11. 2.11 11 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Differentiating non-energy and energy related emissions in IPCC 1996GL Vol.3  Cement production section 2.3.1  Lime production, 2.4.1  Soda ash production and use 2.6.1  Ammonia production 2.8.1 and 2.8.2  Silicon carbide 2.11.1  Calcium carbide 2.11.2  Iron and steel 2.13.3.2  Ferro alloys 2.13.5.1  Aluminium 2.13.5.1

12. 2.12 12 Illustration of Non-Energy and Energy Related Emissions IPCC 1996GL Vol. 3 (Reference Manual) Differentiation of Non-Energy and Energy Related Emissions in IP sector

13. 2.13 13 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps IPCC Source and Sub-source Categories or Disaggregation Tools for classification: The IPCC inventory software (electronic version of IPCC worksheet) Emission factor database (EFDB)

14. 2.14 14 Illustration with EFDB and Software IPCC 1996GL Sources and Sub-source Categories/Disaggregation

15. 2.15 15 GHGs from IP sector (a) CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O (b) HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 (c) SO 2,CO, NO x, NMVOCs Relevant source categories (ref. software long summary)

16. 2.16 16 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps General Estimation Methodology General equation TOTALij = AD j x EF ij where: TOTAL ij = process emission (tonne) of gas i from industrial sector j AD j = amount of activity or production of process material (activity data) in industrial sector j (tonne/yr) EF ij = emission factor (EF) associated with gas i per unit of activity in industrial sector j (tonne/tonne)

17. 2.17 17 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Choice of Methods For certain industrial processes, more than one estimation methodology is presented. These are: Simplified approach referred to as Tier 1 More detailed methodology referred to as Tier 2

18. 2.18 18 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Choice of Methods Several options are also provided for certain industrial processes under Tier 1, such as Tier 1a, 1b, 1c; based on data availability and suitability of methods Order of preference for Tier 1 methods 1a > 1b >1c Encourages country-specific methods, documented and adequately referenced

19. 2.19 19 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Sample tiers by Sub-source Categories 2B1 – Ammonia production (CO 2 ) Tier 1a – AD as natural gas consumption (m 3 ) and EF (kgC/m 3 ) Tier 1b – AD as ammonia production (tonnes) and EF (tonne CO 2 /tonne NH 3 ) 2C5 – Calcium Carbide Production (CO 2 ) T1a – Consumption of petroleum coke (tonnes) and EF (tonne C/tonne Coke type) T1b – Production of carbide

20. 2.20 20 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Tiers by Sub-source Categories 2C – Metal production (Iron and Steel, Al, Ferro-alloys) Tier 1a – Consumption of reducing agent (tonnes) and EF (tonne C/tonne reducing agent) Tier 1b – Production of the metal (tonnes) and EF (tonne CO 2 /tonne metal)

21. 2.21 21 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Tiers by Sub-source Categories PFCs from aluminum production Tier 1a – Direct plant emissions data Tier 1b – Estimation based on plant measurements and empirical estimation Tire 1c – Based on aluminium production (tonnes) and default emission factor (kg/tonne Al)

22. 2.22 22 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Tiers by Sub-source Categories 2F – HCFC manufacture (HFC-23 release) Tier 1 – AD (total production in tonnes) and Default EF (% of total production) Tier2 – Direct emissions from plant specific measurements using standard methods 2E – Consumption of ODS substitutes (HFCs, PFCs and SF 6 ) Tire 1a and Tier b – Potential emissions Tier 2 – Actual emissions

23. 2.23 23 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Choice of Activity Data Plant level measurements or direct emissions reports with documented methodologies Where direct measurements are not available, estimations are based on calculation with plant-specific data

24. 2.24 24 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Choice of Activity Data International data sets (United Nations data sets and Industry associations) National databases where available from appropriate government ministries (e.g. statistics services, environment ministry, etc.) Standard production statistics from national statistical publications

25. 2.25 25 IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps Choice of Default Emission Factors Process-reaction-based EFs (stoichiometric ratios) Production-based emission factors Technology-specific emission factors Reported country-/region-specific plant-level measurements IPCC emission factors database, a summary for process-reaction-based and technology-based EFs

26. 2.26 26 Illustrate Use of Emission Factor Database (EFDB) for IP Sector IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps

27. 2.27 27 Comparability of IPCC Technology-based Default EF and GPG2000 Plant-level EF The Case of Aluminium Production Inventory in Ghana

28. 2.28 28 Good Practice Activity Data (Plant-level EF based on Tier 1a method)

29. 2.29 29 Consumption of Reducing Agent (Anode carbon)

30. 2.30 30 Net Carbon Consumption

31. 2.31 31 Comparability of Good Practice (Plant level and IPCC default) Process parameter Country-specific (plant level Tier 2) 7-year average IPCC default including baking emissions (5%) Net carbon consumption assuming 98% purity of anode carbon (tonne C/tonne) 0.445 Emission factor (tonne CO 2 /tonne Al) 1.631.58 % difference+3.5%

32. 2.32 32 Emissions Estimating and Reporting Use of IPCC GHG Inventory Software IPCC 1996GL Approach and Steps

33. 2.33 33 Reporting Tables Long Summary and Short Summary (Reference: IPCC GHG Inventory Software)

34. 2.34 34 SECTION B Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (GPG2000) INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES SECTOR Approach and Steps

35. 2.35 35 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Good Practice Principles To produce GHG inventories that neither overestimate nor underestimate emissions so far as can be judged based on the principle of TCCCA, namely: Transparency; Consistency over time; Completeness, Comparability, Accuracy

36. 2.36 36 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Good Practice Principles To use limited resources more efficiently for key sources To reduce levels of uncertainty To improve reporting and documentation To apply quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) and improve transparency

37. 2.37 37 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Choice of Methods Identifies potential IP sector key source categories Provides decision-tree analysis for the selected sources Describes source-category-specific good practice methods in adapting IPCC 1996GL to country- specific circumstances

38. 2.38 38 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Choice of Methods Defines tier numbers for alternative names of (unnumbered) methods described in IPCC 1996GL Provides Good Practice Guidance for various tier levels of assessment (Tier 1, 2, 3) for selected source categories

39. 2.39 39 GPG2000 Approach and Steps GPG2000 Potential Key Sources Identified 2A1 – CO 2 Emissions from Cement Production 2A2 – CO 2 Emissions from Lime Production 2C1 – CO 2 Emissions from the Iron and Steel Industry 2B3 & 2B4 – N 2 O Emissions from Adipic Acid and Nitric Acid Production 2C3 – PFCs Emissions from Aluminum Production 2C4 – Sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) emissions from Magnesium Production 2E1 – HFC-23 Emissions from HCFC-22 Manufacture

40. 2.40 40 GPG2000 Approach and Steps GPG2000 Potential Key Sources Identified 2F(1-5) – Emissions from Substitutes for Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS substitutes for HFCs and PFCs used in refrigeration, air-conditioning, foam blowing, fire extinguishers, aerosols, solvents ) 2F7 – SF 6 Emissions from Electrical Equipment 2F8 – SF 6 Emissions from Other Sources of SF 6 2E3 – SF 6 Emissions from Production of SF 6 2F6 – PFC, HFC, and SF 6 Emissions from Semiconductor Manufacturing

41. 2.41 41 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Decision Trees, and Selection Criteria for Methods and Structured Tier Levels

42. 2.42 42 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Decision Trees, and Selection Criteria for Methods and Tier Levels 2A1 – Cement production CO 2 Figure 3.1 pg 3.11 2C1 – Iron and Steel Production (CO 2 )Figure 3.2 pg 3.21 2B1 & 2B2 – Nitric Acid and Adipic Acid (NO 2 ) 2C1 – Aluminum production (PFC) Figure 3.4 pg 3.32 Figure 3.5 pg 3.40 2C – Use of SF 6 in magnesium production (SF 6 ) Figure 3.6 pg 3.49 2E & 2F – ODS SubstitutesFigure 3.11 pg 3.80

43. 2.43 43 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Sample Illustrations of Tier Level Methods in Adapting IPCC 1996GL Based on National Circumstances Reference Annex 3, Table 3 of the IP Handbook

44. 2.44 44 SECTION C Review of Problems Encountered in Using IPCC 1996GL and GPG2000 Options

45. 2.45 45 Potential Problems in Preparing IP Sector Inventory Difficulty in disaggregation of country relevant sources into IPCC categories, particularly sub-source categories not listed in IPCC 1996GL

46. 2.46 46 Mapping National Industry Classification with IPCC Source Categories

47. 2.47 47 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory Activity Data Collection and CBI Direct reporting of emissions without AD and/or EF to national institutions responsible for data collection because of confidential business information (CBI)

48. 2.48 48 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory Emissions Estimation Methods and Reporting The reporting of industrial process emissions from non-energy use (NEU) of feedstock produced in combination with fuel combustion under Energy Sector due to the difficulty in differentiation and possible double counting of CO 2 Direct plant-level measurement and reporting of industrial process emissions of CO 2 from chemical processes or stage processes in combination with fuel combustion emissions from energy uses of feedstock (e.g. CO 2 emissions from CaCO 3 decomposition and metallurgical coke oxidation in Solvay process)

49. 2.49 49 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory Inappropriateness of Stoichiometric Ratios as EFs Where technology-specific or plant- level data are not available, EF(D) are based on stoichiometric ratios of process reactions.

50. 2.50 50 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory Lack of Emission Factors (2) Lack of development of plant-level EFs, which leads to the estimation of EFs based on top-down ratios calculated as EF = Emissions/Aggregate AD.

51. 2.51 51 IPCC 1996GL source-category-specific problems GPG2000 Tier 1 Good Practice Options Sample Source Category Estimations 2.A.1 Cement Production 2.A.2 Lime Production 2.A.1 Limestone and Dolomite Use 2.C.1 Iron and Steel Reference Table 2 IP Handbook

52. 2.52 52 Other Specific Problems Encountered in the Use of IPCC 1996GL Suggested Approaches/Options

53. 2.53 53 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory Notation Keys in Reporting Tables 1& 2 Inappropriate use and/or limited use of notation keys (NO, NE, NA, IE, NE) in UNFCCC reporting Table 1 and Table 2.

54. 2.54 54 NO (not occurring) for activities or processes that do not occur for a particular gas or source/sink category within a country, NE (not estimated) for existing emissions and removals which have not been estimated, NA (not applicable) for activities in a given source/sink category which do not result in emissions or removals of a specific gas, IE (included elsewhere) for emissions and removals estimated but included elsewhere in the inventory (Parties should indicate where the emissions or removals have been included), C (confidential) for emissions and removals which could lead to the disclosure of confidential information. Completeness and Transparency in Reporting – Use of Notation Keys

55. 2.55 55 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector inventory Activity Data Collection and Reporting Production data on large point sources may be available in various national institutions in data sets that are not easily converted to greenhouse gas inventory data Where available, mandatory or voluntary plant-level data are reported as total emissions without relevant AD and EF

56. 2.56 56 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory Lack of Emission Factors (1) Mandatory industry reports (e.g. annual environmental reports) provide only emissions estimates without AD and/or EF Lack of IPCC default EFs due to differences in IPCC source and sub-source categories and disaggregation of country-relevant sources

57. 2.57 57 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory Institutional Arrangements National institutions and industry associations collect and present data in formats not appropriate for GHG estimation (because they are normally aggregated in data sets relevant for the purposes for which they were collected) Limited awareness among industry/industry associations about opportunities under the Convention and therefore lack of motivation to develop capacity for reporting GHG inventories

58. 2.58 58 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory Institutional Arrangement Lack of institutional arrangement and clarity over roles and responsibilities of experts carrying out the technical studies Lack of legal and institutional authority to demand data from industry to carry out the inventories (reporting is basically voluntary)

59. 2.59 59 Potential problems in preparing IP Sector Inventory Institutional Arrangement Non-involvement of universities and/or research centres in climate change efforts that could develop into a more sustainable inventory system Lack of mainstreaming of climate change data collection by national statistical services and industry associations Lack of QA/QC and uncertainty analysis by data collection institutions

60. 2.60 60 Intuitional arrangement problems Recommended Capacity-building Establish a national working group of relevant stakeholders for plant-level verification and peer review of the inventory report Organize a capacity-building seminar for all institutions and relevant GHG-contributing industries to disseminate the IP inventory data sets, to inform about the need for QA/QC and plant- specific good practice in developing and reporting AD and EFs in greenhouse gas inventory data sets

61. 2.61 61 Intuitional Arrangement Problems Recommended Capacity-building Adapt IPCC 1996GL and GPG2000 and develop country- specific workbooks documenting methods, AD, EFs to increase transparency and preserve institutional memory In a capacity-building workshop, disseminate information about the opportunities for emission reduction under the Convention and the Financing Mechanisms under the Protocol to encourage industry participation

62. 2.62 62 Review and Assessment of Activity Data and Emission Factors Data Status and Options

63. 2.63 63 GPG2000 Approach and Steps Inventory Quality Improvement and Uncertainty Reduction QA/QC APPROACH