1. Chapter 3 Lecture Migration The Cultural Landscape Eleventh Edition © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Matthew Cartlidge University of Nebraska-Lincoln

2. Key Issues Where are migrants distributed? Where do people migrate within a country? Why do people migrate? Why do migrants face obstacles? © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. Key Issue #1: What You Need to Know 1.1: Describe the difference between international and internal migration. 1.2: Identify the principal sources of immigrants during the three main eras of U.S. migration. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Migration MobilityMobility is most generalized term that refers to all types of movements –Journeying each day to work or school –Weekly visits to local shops –Annual trips to visit relatives who live in a different state circulationShort-term & repetitive acts of mobility are referred to as circulation. –Ex. College students moving to college each fall and returning home each spring © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Migration migrationA permanent move to a new location constitutes migration. –Emigration –Emigration is migration from a location. –Immigrationto –Immigration is migration to a location. Place “A” can have individuals migrating away from & to it. –Emigrant: Place A → Place B –Immigrant: Place B → Place A net migration.Difference btwn the # of immigrants & # emigrants is a place’s net migration. population-change-from-aging-death-and-migration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. Distance of Migration Ravenstein’s lawsRavenstein’s laws for the distance that migrants typically move –Most migrants relocate a short distance & remain within the same country. –Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Distance of Migration Migration can be divided into two categories. 1.International 1.International Migration- permanent move from one country to another Voluntary Forced 2.Internal 2.Internal Migration- permanent move within the same country InterregionalInterregional IntraregionalIntraregional © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. International Migration Patterns Approximately 9 % of the world’s people are international migrants. pattern********Global pattern reflects migration tendencies from developing countries to developed countries. ********* –Net Out-Migration Asia, Latin America, & Africa –Net In-Migration North America, Europe, & Oceania © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL & INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America & out of the country to the U.S. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border & intraregional migration into Mexico City.

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3-6 GLOBAL MIGRATION PATTERNS The width of the arrows shows the amount of net migration btwn regions of the world. Countries with net in- migration are in red, & those with net out- migration are in blue.

12. U.S. Immigration Patterns U.S. has more foreign-born residents than any other country: approximately 43 million as of 2010—growing by 1 million yearly. Three main eras of immigration in the U.S. –Colonial settlement in 17th & 18 th c. migration-from-rural-to-urban-settings-in-europe- and-the-us-history-and-effects. migration-from-rural-to-urban-settings-in-europe- and-the-us-history-and-effects. –Mass European immigration in the late 19 th & early 20th c. immigration-in-industrial-america-and-the-rise-of-nativism immigration-in-industrial-america-and-the-rise-of-nativism –Asian & Latin American integration in the late 20th & early 21st c. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. Europeans comprised more than 90 % of immigrants to the U.S. during the 19 th c. Since the 1980s, Latin American & Asia have been the dominant sources of immigrants. FIGURE 3-7 IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3-8 DESTINATION OF IMMIGRANTS BY U.S. STATE California, New York, Florida, and Texas are the leading destinations for immigrants. WHY? What’s the PATTERN?

15. Key Issue #2: What You Need to Know 2.1: Describe the history of interregional migration in the United States. 2.2: Describe interregional migration in Russia and Canada. 2.3: Describe interregional migration in Canada, China, and Brazil. 2.4: Explain differences among the three forms of intraregional migration. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. KEY ISSUE #2: Where Do People Migrate within a Country? Interregional Migration –Perceived economic betterment typically drives individuals to make interregional migrations. Historically- enticement of abundant available land on the American Frontier. Presently- most jobs, especially in services, are clustered in urban areas. –Westward expansion –Westward expansion contributed to a shift in the center of population. (Pattern Change) “Center of population gravity” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION population center The population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” If the U.S. were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, & each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin. academy/lesson/economic-expansion-in-the-1800s- slavery-immigration-corporations academy/lesson/economic-expansion-in-the-1800s- slavery-immigration-corporations

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 3-10 RECENT INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE U.S. Figures show average annual migration (in 1000s) in 1995 (top) & 2010 (bottom).

19. 3-14: Trail of Tears Inter Regional Migration what-was-the-trail-of-tears-facts-history-route what-was-the-trail-of-tears-facts-history-route Forced Migration: EXAMPLES : Inter Regional Migration: Moving Native Americans to other parts of the country known as the “trail of tears” International Migration: Moving millions of Africans to the Americas known as the “middle passage” of the Triangle Trade

20. Migration btwn Regions in Large Countries five largestWorld’s five largest countries in land area are Russia, Canada, China, the U.S., & Brazil. –Russia: Interregional migration was encouraged eastward & northward by the government’s decision to locate new factories & to offer economic incentives away from existing population concentrations. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. FIGURE 3-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: RUSSIA Russia’s population is clustered in the west of the country, nearest to Europe.

22. Migration btwn Regions in Large Countries –Canada: –Canada: Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants. –China: –China: Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing is prevalent. “c” –Brazil: –Brazil: Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. 3-183-18 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. FIGURE 3-17 INTERREGIONAL MIGRATION: CHINA Migrants are heading eastward towards the major cities.

24. 3-18

25. Intraregional Migration Since Industrial Revolution began in Europe in 19th c., a global trend for individuals to migrate from rural to urban areas urbanized population –% of urbanized population in U.S. 1800: 5 % 1920: 50 % 2010: 80 % –Motivation: –Motivation: economic advancement © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. Intraregional Migration intraregional migrationMost intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs. –Motivation: lifestyle –Motivation: not economic advancement but a desired lifestyle Additional privacy associated with single-family detached houses Garages & driveways offer parking at no additional fee Often better schools © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. FIGURE 3-22 INTRAREGIONAL MIGRATION: UNITED STATES Migration btwn cities, suburbs, & nonmetropolitan areas in 2010.

28. Intraregional Migration Developed countries experienced a new migration trend during the late 20th c. when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration. counterurbanization. –Net migration from urban to rural areas is called counterurbanization. CounterurbanizationCounterurbanization most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities –Rocky Mountain States (Colorado, Idaho, Utah, & Wyoming) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. FIGURE 3-24 % OF AMERICANS MOVING IN A YEAR The % has dropped from 20% in the 1980s -12% in the 2010s.

30. Key Issue #3: What You Need to Know 3.1: Provide examples of political, environmental, and economic push & pull factors. 3.2: Summarize the flows of migrant workers in Europe & Asia.. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Why Do People Migrate? People decide to migrate b/c of a combo of two factors. –Push factors –Push factors induce people to move out of their present location. –Pull factors –Pull factors induce people to move into a new location. push & pull factorsThree major types of push & pull factors 1. Political 2. Environmental 3. Economic lesson/reoccurring-themes-in-history-societal-migration-evolution-aggression-industrializationlesson/reoccurring-themes-in-history-societal-migration-evolution-aggression-industrialization 3:15-6:54 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

32. Reasons for Migrating Political factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to migrate from a country. –UN’S High Commissions for Refugees recognizes 3 groups of forced political migrants. refugee 1.A refugee has been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to his or her life, & he or she cannot return for fear of persecution. 2.An internally displaced person (IDP) is similar to a refugee, but he or she has not migrated across an international border. 3.An asylum seeker is someone who has migrated to another country in hope of being recognized as a refugee. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. FIGURE 3-25 POLITICAL FACTORS: REFUGEES & IDPS Largest #’s of refugees originated in SW Asia & sub-Saharan Africa.

34. Reasons for Migrating Environmental factors can prompt migration from hazardous environments or pull migrants to attractive regions. –Environmental Pull Factors Mountains Seasides Warm Climates –Environmental Push Factors Water: most common environmental threat –Flood –Drought © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

35. Reasons for Migrating economic reasonsMost people migrate for economic reasons. –Push factor: migrate away from places with few jobs –Pull factor: –Pull factor: migrate to places where jobs seem to be available U.S. & Canada have been prominent destinations for economic migrants. –Historically individuals migrated from Europe. –More recently immigrants primarily from Latin America & Asia. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. Reasons for Migrating © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. economic push With few job prospects (economic push factor), Ireland historically had net out–migration until the 1990s. The severe recession (economic push) the early 21 st has brought net out–migration back to Ireland.

37. European Migration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Migrant workers in Europe have historically sought jobs. Historically, “guest workers” programs existed in many countries periodically to accommodate immigrants seeking jobs & the demand for cheap labor. These programs no longer exist, However, many of the previous workers stayed permanently & had children, changing the demographics of the areas.

38. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Key Issue #4: What You Need to Know Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? 4.1: Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the U.S. 4.2: Describe the population characteristics of unauthorized immigrants to the U.S. 4.3 Describe characteristics of immigrants to the U.S. 4.4: Compare American & European attitudes toward immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

39. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Intervening obstaclesIntervening obstacles, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types. 1.Environmental Feature- i.e., mountain, ocean, or distance 2.Political Feature- i.e., countries require proper documentation to leave one country & gain entry in another © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

40. Controlling Migration Countries have adopted selective immigration policies. Preference shown for specific employment placement & family reunification U.S. Quota Laws –Passing of the Quota Act in 1921 & the National Origins Act in 1924 by the U.S. Congress marked the end of unrestricted immigration to the U.S. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

41. Controlling Migration More seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas, thus preferences are shown toward: Family Reunification –About ¾ of immigrants Skilled Workers –Approximately ¼ of immigrants away from –Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled & intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries. Diversity –A few immigrants admitted, because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Unauthorized Immigration Unauthorized immigrants Unauthorized immigrants = those who enter a country without proper documents. CharacteristicsCharacteristics of unauthorized immigrates in the U.S. –Source Country - Roughly 58 % emigrate from Mexico, Asian Countries are now the most common source. –Children - Of the 11.2 million nearly 1 million are children. Unauthorized immigrants have given birth to 4.5 million children in the U.S. making the children U.S. citizens. –Yrs in the U.S. - Duration of residency has increased –In 2010, 35 % of adults had been in U.S. for at least 15 years. –Labor Force - Approx. 8 million are employed in the U.S. –Distribution - TX & CA have largest # © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. FIGURE 3-34: # OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS TO THE US Most unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. are from Mexico.

44. Unauthorized Immigration: Mexico’s Border with the U.S. –View from the U.S. recognizes motives that motivate unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally Employment Opportunities Family Reunification Better Way of Life –View from Mexico is more complex Residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants. Residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

45. FIGURE 3-37 U.S.-MEXICO BORDER: PEDESTRIAN CROSSING Pedestrians cross from Nueva Progreso, Mexico (foreground), to Progreso, Texas.

46. Attitudes toward Immigrants Characteristics of MIGRANTS Distinctive gender & family-status patterns –Ravenstein noted: Most long –distance migrants Are male. Are adult individuals vs families with kids are young adults seeking work vs children / elderly people. Gender - Males were dominate grp thru the 19 th &20 th c. until 1990. - 1990s & on pattern reversed & women = 55% of US immigrants (reflects changing role of women) Age & Education - young adults seeking work vs children & elderly. Was & continues to be the pattern. 40% are “producers”. - typically less education than ave. American & a bit more than is ave. of origin country © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

47. Attitudes toward Immigrants Immigration Concerns in the U.S. –Most views of immigration by U.S. citizens are ambivalent in nature. Border Patrol –They would like more effective border control, but they don’t want to spend more money to solve the issue. Workplace –Most recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs from U.S. citizens, but they understand most citizens wouldn’t take the jobs so they support a path to U.S. citizenship for these unauthorized immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

48. Attitudes toward Immigrants Civil Rights –U.S. citizens favor letting law enforcement officials stop & verify the legal status of anyone, but they fear civil rights will be infringed upon of U.S. citizens, as a result of racial profiling. Local Initiatives –Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but it should only be dealt with at the federal level & not the local level. »Many opposed to Arizona’s 2010 law that obligated foreigners to always carry a proof of citizenship with them. »More than 100 localities across the nation support additional rights for unauthorized immigrants—such a movement is known as a “Sanctuary City.” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. Attitudes toward Immigrants Immigration Concerns in Europe Immigration Concerns in Europe –Population growth in Europe is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans. Biggest fear: that the host country’s culture will be lost, because immigrants: –adhere to different religions –speak different languages –practice different food and other cultural habits Hostility to immigrants has become a main topic of some political parties in many European countries. –Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. FIGURE 3-44 IMMIGRATION CONTROVERY IN FRANCE Demonstrations supporting (top) more rights for immigrants & (bottom) tighter immigration controls.

51. Attitudes toward Immigrants Europeans as Emigrants –Inhospitable climate for immigrants in Europe is especially ironic. Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the 19 th c. Most Europeans fear losing their cultural heritage to that of new immigrants, while: –Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world, as a result of European emigrants. –Christianity has the world’s largest # of adherents. –European art, music, literature, philosophy, & ethics have diffused throughout the world. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

52. Summary On a global scale, the largest flows of migrants are from Asia to Europe & from Latin America to the U.S. –Third-world to first-world The decision to migrate is a conclusion influenced by a mixture of push & pull factors. Migrants face obstacles in migrating not as much by environmental factors anymore but by political or cultural factors. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. Summary Worldwide, the most prominent type of intraregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas. In the U.S., it is from cities to suburbs. Americans & Europeans share mixed views about immigration. They recognize their importance to the local economy, but key features of immigration trouble them. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.