1. A Scientific & Intellectual Revolution

2. Foundation in the Renaissance Search for truth in science; scientific progress Search for truth in science; scientific progress Renaissance artists contributed by close attention to detail; focus on perspective and proportions Renaissance artists contributed by close attention to detail; focus on perspective and proportions Printing press helped spread ideas Printing press helped spread ideas

3. Foundation cont. Built upon writings of Greeks & Romans (Aristotle, Archimedes, Plato, Ptolemy) Built upon writings of Greeks & Romans (Aristotle, Archimedes, Plato, Ptolemy) Developed the scientific method of observation and experimentation Developed the scientific method of observation and experimentation Challenged medieval superstition Challenged medieval superstition Uncovered much knowledge of the physical world (new technology – telescope, microscope) Uncovered much knowledge of the physical world (new technology – telescope, microscope)

4. Achievements Ptolemy – Geocentric Theory Ptolemy – Geocentric Theory Earth is center of universe, planets revolve around Earth is center of universe, planets revolve around Copernicus - Polish astronomer Copernicus - Polish astronomer The sun is the center of the solar system (heliocentric) The sun is the center of the solar system (heliocentric) The earth revolves around the sun (axis) The earth revolves around the sun (axis) Disproved Ptolemy’s theory Disproved Ptolemy’s theory

5. Achievements cont. Kepler – German astronomer & mathematician Kepler – German astronomer & mathematician Laws of planetary motion Laws of planetary motion However, planets follow an elliptical, not circular orbit in revolving around the sun However, planets follow an elliptical, not circular orbit in revolving around the sun

6. Achievements cont. Galileo – Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo – Italian astronomer and physicist Greatly improved the telescope Greatly improved the telescope Further confirmed Copernican theory Further confirmed Copernican theory Also found mountains, several moons around Jupiter, sunspots, etc. Also found mountains, several moons around Jupiter, sunspots, etc. Found himself increasingly under suspicion by the Catholic Church Found himself increasingly under suspicion by the Catholic Church First thermometer First thermometer

7. Achievements Newton – English mathematician, astronomer, physicist Newton – English mathematician, astronomer, physicist Calculated the law of motion and gravity Calculated the law of motion and gravity Invented mathematical analysis called calculus Invented mathematical analysis called calculus Discovered laws of light and color Discovered laws of light and color

8. Achievements cont Boyle – English chemist Boyle – English chemist Discovered the law of gases that is fundamental to modern chemistry Discovered the law of gases that is fundamental to modern chemistry Leeuwenhoek – Dutch naturalist Leeuwenhoek – Dutch naturalist Perfected the microscope Perfected the microscope Microorganisms Microorganisms Studied the previously invisible world of bacteria, protozoa, animal and plant cells Studied the previously invisible world of bacteria, protozoa, animal and plant cells

9. Achievements cont. Vesalius – Flemish physician Vesalius – Flemish physician Dissections of the human body Dissections of the human body Founded the science of anatomy Founded the science of anatomy Harvey – English physician Harvey – English physician Demonstrated that blood circulates through the body Demonstrated that blood circulates through the body Heart pumps blood Heart pumps blood Furthered the study of medicine Furthered the study of medicine

10. Achievements, cont. Sir Francis Bacon Sir Francis Bacon Developed scientific method Developed scientific method Use of reason in research Use of reason in research Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur Use of heat to kill organisms Use of heat to kill organisms Pasteurization of milk Pasteurization of milk Edward Jenner Edward Jenner Smallpox vaccine Smallpox vaccine

11. Achievements Achievements Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel Founder of science of genetics Founder of science of genetics Recognized inheritance of certain traits Recognized inheritance of certain traits Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus System of classifying living things into groups System of classifying living things into groups

12. Achievements (women) cont. Margaret Cavendish – scientist; humans have no power over nature Margaret Cavendish – scientist; humans have no power over nature Maria Winkelmann – discovered a comet Maria Winkelmann – discovered a comet No women invited to the academies (Royal Society of England, French Academy of Science) No women invited to the academies (Royal Society of England, French Academy of Science) Little changed about roles of women Little changed about roles of women

13. The Enlightenment Intellectual movement based in the scientific revolution Intellectual movement based in the scientific revolution Focus on reason Focus on reason Could apply the scientific method to understanding of all life Could apply the scientific method to understanding of all life Began to apply reason to governments Began to apply reason to governments Following natural law would lead to progress Following natural law would lead to progress

14. The Philosophes Intellectuals known by this name but not all were French Intellectuals known by this name but not all were French Literary people, professors, journalists, economists, political scientists, social reformers Literary people, professors, journalists, economists, political scientists, social reformers Came from all classes Came from all classes An international movement An international movement Rational criticism could be applied to everything Rational criticism could be applied to everything

15. Contributions cont. Blaise Pascal – sought to keep science and religion together; not mutually exclusive Blaise Pascal – sought to keep science and religion together; not mutually exclusive But trend to secularization (seeing the world as material not spiritual) But trend to secularization (seeing the world as material not spiritual) Scientific Method – a reasonable way to understand nature; procedures Scientific Method – a reasonable way to understand nature; procedures Francis Bacon – father of the scientific method; inductive principles – from specifics to general conclusions Francis Bacon – father of the scientific method; inductive principles – from specifics to general conclusions

16. Contributions Descartes – Discourse on Method Descartes – Discourse on Method Idea of “doubt” Idea of “doubt” Supported only those things that reason said were true; rejects assumptions Supported only those things that reason said were true; rejects assumptions “I think, therefore I am” “I think, therefore I am” Rationalism – use the mind or reason to understand the world Rationalism – use the mind or reason to understand the world Developed analytical geometry Developed analytical geometry

17. The Philosophes John Locke – every person is born a tabula rasa (blank slate); knowledge from environment, not heredity John Locke – every person is born a tabula rasa (blank slate); knowledge from environment, not heredity Two Treatises of Government Two Treatises of Government People possess natural rights of life, liberty & property People possess natural rights of life, liberty & property Governments exist by the consent of the governed (i.e. the PEOPLE put them there) Governments exist by the consent of the governed (i.e. the PEOPLE put them there) Governments are to protect these rights Governments are to protect these rights The people may replace a government that fails to protect these rights The people may replace a government that fails to protect these rights Basis for the Declaration of Independence & Bill of Rights Basis for the Declaration of Independence & Bill of Rights

18. The Philosophes Montesquieu – The Spirit of the Laws Montesquieu – The Spirit of the Laws Tried to find the natural laws that governed the social and political relationships of humans Tried to find the natural laws that governed the social and political relationships of humans Found 3 types of government Found 3 types of government Republic – suitable for small states Republic – suitable for small states Despotism – appropriate for large states Despotism – appropriate for large states Monarchy – appropriate for moderate states Monarchy – appropriate for moderate states

19. The Philosophes Separation of Powers into 3 Branches – WHY? Separation of Powers into 3 Branches – WHY? Legislative? Legislative? Executive? Executive? Judicial? Judicial? Checks and balances – each branch limited and controlled the others (examples?) Checks and balances – each branch limited and controlled the others (examples?) Basis for the U.S. Constitution Basis for the U.S. Constitution

20. The Philosophes Voltaire - writer, Candide Voltaire - writer, Candide Rationalist; Criticized Church but favored religious tolerance (deist); free speech; hated prejudice and superstition Rationalist; Criticized Church but favored religious tolerance (deist); free speech; hated prejudice and superstition Deism – god was the creator but the universe then ran according to natural laws and forces Deism – god was the creator but the universe then ran according to natural laws and forces Denis Diderot – strongly criticized Christianity (“fanatical and unreasonable”; wrote a vast Encyclopedia of science, arts, etc. Denis Diderot – strongly criticized Christianity (“fanatical and unreasonable”; wrote a vast Encyclopedia of science, arts, etc.

21. The Philosophes Rousseau (later Enlightenment) Rousseau (later Enlightenment) The Social Contract - Society agreed to be governed; individuals must abide by the majority (popular sovereignty) The Social Contract - Society agreed to be governed; individuals must abide by the majority (popular sovereignty) Direct democracy Direct democracy Emile – focused on importance of education – should foster, rather than restrict children’s natural instincts. Emile – focused on importance of education – should foster, rather than restrict children’s natural instincts.

22. The Philosophes Cesar Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments Cesar Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments Focused on justice system: Focused on justice system: Criticized torture, cruelty, capital punishment Criticized torture, cruelty, capital punishment Criticized irregular and slow trials Criticized irregular and slow trials Where do we see these things addressed in our country today? Where do we see these things addressed in our country today?

23. Other contributions Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations Natural law should apply to the economy Natural law should apply to the economy People should pursue their own economic self- interests People should pursue their own economic self- interests Government should protect society, defend its citizens, keep up public works Government should protect society, defend its citizens, keep up public works State should leave the economy alone - laissez faire (hands off) State should leave the economy alone - laissez faire (hands off) Foundation of capitalism Foundation of capitalism

24. Women in the Enlightenment Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights of Women Mary Wollstonecraft - A Vindication of the Rights of Women Feminism (women’s rights) Feminism (women’s rights) Criticized men who said governments have too much power over people – same as men having too much power over women Criticized men who said governments have too much power over people – same as men having too much power over women Enlightenment is based on reason; if women have reason, they should have the same rights as men Enlightenment is based on reason; if women have reason, they should have the same rights as men Salons – elegant rooms where philosophers men, discussed, socialized Salons – elegant rooms where philosophers men, discussed, socialized