1. Chapter 4
Ancient Greece
1900 – 133 B.C.

2. Location of Greece within Europe

3. Key Events Athens and Sparta emerged as the leading Greek city-states
The Greek military defeated the Persian army
Greek Theatre, arts, and architecture flourished during the Classical Age
Greek Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle established the foundations of Western Philosophy

4. The Impact Today The Olympic games are held every 2 years
Greek architecture is still considered the classical model of grace and symmetry
Greek plays continue to be performed throughout the world
Current democratic systems of government and citizenship are based on ideas originally developed by the Greeks

5. Timeline Chapter covers almost 1800 years of ancient Greek history
1900 B.C. through 133 B.C.

6. Chapter Preview Pericles Addresses Athens
Speech at public funeral during war between the Greek states of Athens and Sparta
Similarities with U.S. Constitution

7. The First Greek Civilizations
Section 1
The First Greek Civilizations

8. Greek Geography
A mountainous peninsula and many islands (About the size of Louisiana)
Mountains and sea played important roles
Mountains isolated Greeks from one another – different communities developed their own ways of life

9. Map of Greece

10. Greek Geography (Continued)
Communities became independent
Small size encourage participation in politics
The rivalry led to warfare that devastated Greek society
Greeks also lived on many islands surrounding the mainland
There were many harbors along the coastlines

11. The Minoan Civilization
Flourished between 2700 and 1450 B.C.
Was located on the large island of Crete (Southeast of mainland)
Sea empire based on trade
An advanced civilization

12. Sudden and catastrophic collapse in 1450 B.C. How?
The End of the Minoan’s
Sudden and catastrophic collapse in 1450 B.C.
How?
Tidal Wave (tsunami)
Invasion of Mycenaeans from the mainland of Greece
Historians do not agree

13. The Minoan’s and Mycenaean’s

14. The First Greek State: Mycenae
Flourished between 1600 and 1100 B.C.
Made up of powerful monarchies
Resided in a fortified palace center
Built on hills and surrounded by gigantic stone walls

16. The Mycenaeans Warrior people, proud of battle accomplishments
Mycenaean states fought one another
Major earthquakes caused significant damage
By 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization collapsed.

17. The Greek Dark Age Approximately 1100 to 750 B.C.
Population declined and food production dropped
Few records of what happened exist
Significant developments (use of iron; adoption of Phoenician alphabet; works of Homer)

18. Homer Creator of epic poems – The Iliad and the Odyssey
Taught courage and honor (arete) through poems
Had some historical basis, but they also gave Greece an ideal past to serve as a model for future generations

19. Homer’s Iliad
Video: Analyzing the Myths Surrounding the Trojan War (Discovery Education) – 5 Minutes

20. The Trojan War

21. Homer’s Odyssey
Video: Homer’s Odyssey (Discovery Education) – 7 Minutes

22. Section 2
The Greek City-States

23. The Polis: Center of Greek Life
By 750 B.C. The City State (Polis) became the central focus of Greek life
Gathering place typically a hill
Fortified area called a acropolis
Below the acropolis was an agora
Community with common identity and common goals

24. Greek Hoplites

25. Hoplites in a Phalanx Formation

26. Greek Colonies
Between 750 and 550 B.C. new Greek colonies established in southern Italy, southern France, eastern Spain, and northern Africa
Review of Page 117 Map

27. Tyranny in the City-States
Greek tyrants were rulers who seized power by force from the aristocrats
Although it did not last, the rule of tyrants had ended the rule of the aristocrats in many city-states.
Development of democracy and commitment to oligarchy

28. Sparta (The Spartans!) Conquests created captured people (helots).
A Military State (Read & Discuss: Young People in Greece - Page 118)

29. Government of Sparta Oligarchy headed by 2 kings
Ephors (5 men elected each year)
A council of Elders (2 Kings and 28 citizens over age 60)
Assembly of male citizens
Remained Isolated from rest of world

30. Athens
Political turmoil leads to drastic change and the creation of the Athenian democracy

31. Ancient Athens

32. Section 3
Classical Greece

33. The Challenge of Persia
The Persian Wars (499 – 479 B.C.) – Review of map on page 122
Legend of Athenian Runner. Today’s marathon is based on this heroic story.
Relate to The Movie “300”
Ultimately the Greeks defeat the Persians ending the war

34. The Growth of the Athenian Empire
After the defeat of the Persians, Athens takes over the leadership of the Greek world.
Form a defensive alliance called the Delian League
Athens creates an empire under Pericles
Democracy flourishes (Age of Pericles)

35. Age of Pericles
Creation of a direct democracy (In Athens all male citizens participated and voted)
City officials ran the government daily
Development of ostracism – Banning of a harmful political figure from the city for 10 years
Massive rebuilding after Persian war

36. Age of Pericles

37. The Great Peloponnesian War
Between Athenian Empire and Sparta (Very different societies)
Athens eventually surrenders
Overall the Greek City states were significantly weakened
Map review (Page 124)
Primary source reading (Plague in Athens – Page 991) Read & Discuss

38. Daily Life in Classical Athens
5th Century B.C.
150,000 Citizens in Athens
43,000 Were adult males with political power
35,000 foreigners with law protection
100,000 Slaves (Common in Athens)
Economy based on farming and trade
The family and the role of women

39. Eyewitness to History Read Together and discuss:
An Athenian Husband Explains His Wife’s Duties (Page 126)

40. The Culture of Classical Greece
Section 4
The Culture of Classical Greece

41. Greek Religion Greek Gods and Goddesses (Mount Olympus)
Zeus (The Chief God and Father of the Gods)
Greek Religious rituals involved prayers often combined with gifts to the gods based on the principle “I gave so that you will give”

42. Greek Religion (Continued)
Festivals Honored the Gods
First Olympic games held at the Olympic Festival in 776 B.C. (Read and Discuss – Page 130 “The Way it Was”)
Learned the will of the gods through an oracle (sacred shrine where a god or goddess revealed the future through a priest or priestess)

43. Olympic Games

44. Greek Drama
Plays were in outdoor theatres in the form of tragedies. Presented as trilogies (set of 3 plays with a common theme)
Greek Playwrights – Aeschyius, Sophocles, and Euripides
Themes –
Good and Evil - Nature of Human Beings
Nature of Divine forces - Individual Rights
Comedy (After tragedies)

45. Greek Philosophy
Socrates – The Socratic Method (Question and Answer format to lead people to their own reasoning). Sentenced to death for “Corrupting youth”
Plato – Great Philosopher. A student of Socrates. Explained views of government in “The Republic”.
Aristotle – A student of Plato. Differing view of government.

46. Greek Architecture Temples dedicated to a god or goddess
Center walled rooms (statues/treasures/gifts)
Surrounded by columns
Most famous temple (The Parthenon)
Located in Athens
Built around 440 B.C.
Dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of Athens

47. The Parthenon

48. Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
Section 5
Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms

49. The Threat of Macedonia
Macedonia (North of Greece) emerged as a powerful kingdom by the end of the 5th Century
Greeks looked down on the Macedonians as uncivilized foreigners
King Philip II and his powerful army defeated several united Greek states in 338 B.C.
King Philip was assassinated in 336 B.C.

50. Alexander the Great King Phillip II had wanted to go after Persia next
Alexander was the son of King Philip II and took over as King of Macedonia at the age of 20
Alexander took over the quest of attacking the Persian Empire

51. Alexander’s Conquests
By 332 B.C. Syria, Palestine, and Egypt were under Alexander’s control
He built Alexandria as the Greek Capital of Egypt.
In 331 B.C. He turned East and defeated the Persians at Gaugamela and took possession of the rest of the Persian Empire.

52. Alexander (Continued)
Over the next 3 years he tried to move further east but his army was weary of fighting and insisted on heading home.
Alexander returned to Babylon, where he planned more campaigns, but died in 323 B.C. from wounds, and fever at the age of 32.

53. The Empire of Alexander

54. What Made Alexander Great!
Great Leader and a master of strategy
Brave and reckless fighter who was willing to risk his life and lead his men into battle
Tried to imitate Achilles (The warrior hero of Homer’s Iliad)
Kept a copy of the Iliad and a dagger under his pillow

55. Alexander the Great
Due to his conquests, Greek language, architecture, literature, and art spread throughout Southwest Asia and the Near East.

56. The Hellenistic Kingdoms
Alexander created the Hellenistic Era (To imitate Greeks)
Although the united empire created by his conquests fell apart soon after his death, Greek language and ideas spread throughout the area of the empire
4 Hellenistic Kingdoms emerged:
Egyptian Macedonian
Pergamum - Syrian

57. Hellenistic Culture
Significant accomplishments especially in science and philosophy but also in architecture and sculpture
Alexandria had the largest library of ancient times and also a museum for scholarly research
Pergamum, the most important city in Asia Minor, also became a leading cultural center

58. Alexander the Great
Video: Alexander the Great (Discovery Education) – 6 Minutes

59. Ancient Greece Wrap Up and Review
Chapter 4
Ancient Greece
Wrap Up and Review

60. Living in Ancient Greece
Chapter Review Video: Living History: Living in Ancient Greece (Discovery Education) – 20 Minutes

61. Key Events (Re-visited)
Athens and Sparta emerged as the leading Greek city-states
The Greek military defeated the Persian army
Greek Theatre, arts, and architecture flourished during the Classical Age
Greek Philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle established the foundations of Western Philosophy

62. The Impact Today (Re-visited)
The Olympic games are held every 2 years
Greek architecture is still considered the classical model of grace and symmetry
Greek plays continue to be performed throughout the world
Current democratic systems of government and citizenship are based on ideas originally developed by the Greeks