1. Hydrosphere 1: Earth’s Oceans ppt. by Robin D. Seamon 1

2. D I S T R I B U T I O N 70 % of Earth’s surface is water 4 bya water vapor condensed into shallows 1 big ocean, 5 major basins Pacific Atlantic Indian Arctic Southern 2 VIDEO How Big is the Ocean? (5:30)Big

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4. C H E M I S T R Y Water is a solvent- it dissolves solutes of solids, liquids & gases Solute- substance that dissolves Solution- mixture of solvent and solute http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_ solution.html 4

5. C H E M I S T R Y GASES ATOMOSPHERE: 2 gases: Nitrogen, Oxygen OCEANS: Dissolved gases: Nitrogen, Oxygen, carbon dioxide N O CO 2 2 2 ATMOSPHERE 5

6. Dissolved gases enter at rivers, streams, volcanic eruptions, decay, living organisms & through the water cycle http://www.iceagenow.com/Ocean_Warming.htm 6

7. Effects of Temperature: Colder water dissolve gases better Warmer water cannot hold as many gases (remember global warming?) http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapt er5/lesson6 7

8. Carbon sink: ecosystem that absorbs more carbon than it lets out- oceans can hold carbon in the form of CO2 for thousands of years 8

9. Ocean chemistry is currently changing at an unprecedented rate. 9

10. SOLIDS Sea salts: 3.5% mass of oceans Elements- Chlorine (Cl) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) 10

11. Salt: halite = 85% dissolved solids in ocean Salinity: measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a liquid WHY IS THE OCEAN SALTY? halite 11

12. SALT ENTERS THE OCEAN: Chemical weathering of minerals from land into oceans Volcanic eruptions Chemical reactions between new sea floor & ocean water WATER IS CONSTANTLY BEING EVAPORATED, BUT SALTS REMAIN 3.6% 12

13. C H E M I S T R Y V A R I E S Latitude & climate affect concentration of salts- Warm oceans evaporate more water, leaving saltier water Arctic areas where sea water freezes & pushes out the salt, concentrates the salt in that area Rainy parts of the globe receive more precipitation, diluting salt water Slow moving water is saltier Areas where freshwaters empty into the ocean are less salty (brackish) 13

14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity 14

15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity 15

16. Density= mass divided by volume Influencing factors: 1.Salinity (more salt = more dense) 2.Temperature ( cold water = more dense) *polar regions D E N S I T Y 16

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19. T E M P E R A T U R E Varies with depth & location Affected by solar energy http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/water/temp3.htm DEPTH 19

20. Can sea water freeze? Sea water can only freeze when it condenses such that it pushes out the salts first to make solid H O (28.4˚F) floating ice insulates water below it, preventing it all from freezing 2 http://www.acecrc.sipex.aq/access/page/index.html%3Fpage=78.html http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/oceanography/L ecuturesOceanogr/LecOceanStructure/LecStructure.html SALT WATER 20

21. LOCATION- Oceans are warmer near equatorial latitudes SURFACE WATER: 21

22. TIME OF YEAR- seasons When the Northern Hemisphere faces away from the sun for Winter months, those oceans are cooler When N. Hemisphere points towards the sun for Summer, those oceans are hotter http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/01/20/3116529.htm 22 SUMMER in N Hemisphere WINTER in N Hemisphere

23. http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_cat.php?categoryID=1121 23

24. DEPTH: Oceans get colder as you go deeper 1.Surface zone- top up to 300m, warmer and so less dense= difficult mixing with cooler waters below 2.Thermocline- 300-700m, temperature drops faster here with depth; colder water is more dense; holds more dissolved gases, slower currents 3.Deep zone- 700m +, cold, slowest currents TEMPERATURE ZONES 24

25. http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/expedition12/hottopics/sound.html 25

26. G L O B A L T H E R M O S T A T Oceans create climate Ocean water and air temperature are always trying to reach equilibrium (same temp)… … But it never happens due to earth’s tilt & revolution AIR Temp WATER Temp AIR CHANGES TEMPERATURE FASTER THAN WATER 26

27. During summer months, ocean water absorbs solar energy from the atmosphere, trying to reach equilibrium with the hot air Before equilibrium can be reached, seasons change- air cools for autumn WARM WaterCOLD Water COLD Air WARM Air Solar Energy SUMMER WINTER 27

28. When air changes to cooler, winter temperatures, oceans start to release their stored warmth to now calibrate with the cooler air temperatures: WARM OCEAN BREEZES IN THE WINTER… The opposite is true for Summer months: Air heats up, now oceans must absorb solar radiation to try and reach warmer equilibrium with the hot summer air: COOLER OCEAN BREEZES IN THE SUMMER… 28 nice vacation spot!

29. O C E A N C U R R E N T S Current: movement of ocean water that follows a regular pattern http://paraglidinginfo.com/2014/03/03/how-the-sun-water-and-mountains-affect-wind-patterns/ 29

30. Surface current: horizontal movements near surface, caused by wind Global winds Coriolis effect: earth rotates, making water arc instead of move in a straight line Continental deflections: currents can’t go through continents! Deep currents movement of currents deep below the surface Form where density increases 30

31. Temperature & currents: CONVECTION- warm goes up, cold goes down Thermohaline- temperature and salt affect density & controls movement warm currents start at equator, move toward poles Cold currents move from poles to warm areas 31 VIDEO: Making waves: the power of concentration gradients (5min)

32. G L O B A L C O N V E Y O R B E L T http://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/oceans.html 32

33. Upwelling- movement of deep, cold, nutrient- rich water to the surface http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling 33 The Importance of Upwelling 1 min)

34. AN EXAMPLE: El Nino local wind patterns (along South America) move local surface currents & so are replaced by deep cold water from below Cold, nutrient rich water from deep ocean rises to surface to replace warm surface water: Iron, Nitrates El Nino La Nina NOAA buoys study & predict 34 VIDEO: El Nino (4:30)

35. Color is determined by which light waves are reflected into our eyes Blue wavelengths are slow Composition of organic materials or pollution can give ocean different hues C O L O R = H E A L T H http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/22/the-end-of-the-line/ Turqouise = phytoplankton 35

36. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Phytoplankton: microscopic plants that start the food chain reflect green light; water is greenish They need nutrients, so presence or absence of them tells the health of the ocean “Red Tide” dinoflagellates (Harmful Algal blooms) 36 HAB

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38. M A P P I N G T H E F L O O R Sonar- sound navigation & ranging 1970’s satellites 1978: SeaSat network of satellites measuring ocean direction & speed of currents GeoSat measures changes in ocean depth http://science.nasa.gov/missions/seasat-1/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosat 38

39. 1977 Alvin- manned flight; discovered hydrothermal vents & ecosystem Deep Flight Alvin http://physiologizing.blogspot.com/2013/03/who-turned-up- heat.html Deep Flight http://seamonscience.pbworks.com/w/page/27891770/FrontPage 39

40. Jason III & Medea 2012 http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/jason/jason.html 40

41. Continental shelf: gently sloping section of the continental margin between the shoreline and the slope PICTURE Continental slope: 200m-4,000m; steeply inclined section of the continental margin between the shelf and rise PICTURE Continental rise: base of slope; piles of sediment drop off PICTURE Abyssal plain: 4,000m + mud & decay PICTURE 41

42. http://avhs2.ednet.ns.ca/staff/wile/Physiography%20of%20Continental%20Margin.html 42 BACK

43. Mid-oceanic ridge: divergent boundaries; plates pull apart; lava bubbles up to make ridges PICTURE Rift valley: flat areas in rift zones PICTURE Ocean trenches: cracks in ocean basin; ocean plate slides under PICTURE Sea mounts: mountains under the ocean, formed on thin hot-spots in crust PICTURE 43

44. http://2010.polarhusky.com/logistics/oceans/geology/ 44 BACK VIDEO: The Deep Sea; Exploring the Zones (6min)

45. L I F E 1.plankton float near the surface, microscopic food for organisms 1.Phytoplankton: autotrophs 2.Zooplankton: heterotrophs 2.nekton: swim freely (fish, mammals, etc) 3.benthos: live on or near ocean floor (crabs, sponges, starfish, worms, seaweed, clams) 45 VIDEO: The secret life of plankton (6 min)

46. Food Chain: shows how Energy flows from one organism to another Food Web: shows feeding relationships 1.aquatic 2.terrestrial Interconnected: carbon from trees & debris support aquatic life amphibians live in both food for land animals 46 VIDEO: A guide to the energy of the Earth (4:40)

47. http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-90131/Organisms-in-a- community-are-linked-through-what-they-eat 47

48. M A R I N E Z O N E S -Water depth -Amount of sunlight 1.Intertidal zone: ocean meets land exposed to air part of the day waves, beaches 2. Neritic zone: deeper; floor slopes warm water, sunlight (corals, sea turtles, fish, dolphins, plankton, seaweed) 48

49. 3. Oceanic zone: sea floor drops sharply Deep water of open ocean Plankton on surface, fish, whales, shark 4. Benthic zone: ocean floor No sunlight at deepest parts; cold Adaptations for low temp & no light- chemosynthesis begins food chain Bacteria, worms, sea urchins 49

50. http://www.bio.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/Bio213/aquahab.html 50

51. M A R I N E E C O S Y S T E M S 1.Intertidal areas: near shore Mudflats- worms, crabs, shorebirds Sandy beaches- worms, crabs, clams, plankton Rocky shores- live underwater & exposed to air http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_shot_of_a_mud_flat_i n_an_unconsolidated_shore_in_Alaska.jpg 51 MUDFLATS VIDEO: Intertidal Biome (7 min)

52. http://mmm-yoso.typepad.com/mmmyoso/lanai/ 52 SANDY BEACH ROCKY SHORE VIDEO: Intertidal Biome (7 min)

53. 2. Coral reefs: warm, shallow neritic zone Corals- living polyps form colonies over calcium remains of ancestors Second most diverse habitat (2 nd to RF) (algae, brightly colored fish, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins) http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/23/coral-reef-report-dying-danger 53 http://darwinsreef.pbworks. com/w/page/66265215/Cor al%20Polyp VIDEO: What are Coral Reefs and what’s their purpose? (5min)

54. 3. Estuaries: where freshwater from river meets ocean water Rich in minerals Productive ecosystems Prone to pollution & runoff (Plankton, dolphin, manatee, seal, fish, plants, migratory birds, invertebrates) http://thetechjournal.com/science/vast-freshwater-reserves-discovered.xhtml http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/estuary.html 54 VIDEO: Estuarine Ecology (4:30)

55. 4. Mangrove swamps: swamps along the coast of tropical areas Protect coastlines from erosion & damage from storms Breeding & feeding grounds for birds & other animals http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove 55 VIDEO: Into the mangrove Forest (6min)

56. 5. Sargasso Sea- mid Atlantic Floating rafts of algae sargassum http://waittfoundation.org/sargasso-sea-protection/ http://blog.mailasail.com/eddienic/40 56 VIDEO: Big Changes in the Sargasso Sea (3min)

57. 6. Polar ice: Arctic and Southern Oceans Rich in nutrients; plankton (Fish, birds, Beluga whales, penguins) http://vishnu.whoi.edu/services/communications/oceanusmag.050826/v43n2/wiebe.html 57

58. 7. Pacific Garbage Patch http://sites.psu.edu/civicissuesalaina/2013/02/26/ocean-roomba- and-an-unexpected-pollutant/ http://pixgood.com/pacific-garbage-patch- aerial-view.html 58 VIDEO: The nurdles quest for ocean domination 5 min

59. FOOD Multi-billion dollar industry Fish, shrimp, oysters, crabs, mussels 75 million tons of fish/yr Overfishing Nets & trawlers damage wildlife (bycatch) Fish farms O C E A N R E S O U R C E S http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing 400 tons of mackerel 59 VIDEO: Overfishing (2:30)

60. Seaweed: kelp thickener for ice cream, Jell-O; Protein- Asian staple http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2012/jan/22/future-of-food-john-vidal 60

61. NONLIVING RESOURCES 1.Oil & natural gas – under layers of impermeable rock DRILL NONRENEWABLE Used up faster than can be replaced naturally http://eatsleepplaybeaufort.com/city-of-beaufort-passes-resolution-opposing-offshore-drilling/ 61

62. 2. Freshwater Desalination – removing salt water from water; expensive; Saudi Arabia Evaporation – Heat Method: Burn/heat fossil fuels to evaporate & collect water vapor http://www.ecomena.org/tag/water/ 62

63. Ocean Water Battery! http://www.wired.com/2011/04/battery-ocean-saltwater/ 63

64. http://www.survivalreadyblog.com/survival-skills/category/wilderness-survival 64 Desalination tent survival gear

65. Freeze method- freeze ocean water to remove salt http://www.desalination.com/wdr/49/27/freeze-desalination-look-ahead 65 Oil barrier Ice Salt water

66. Reverse osmosis filtration pressure causes water to go through semi-permeable membrane: water can go through but salt & impurities cannot http://sdhydroponics.com/resources/articles/gardening/how-to-install-a-reverse- osmosis-system http://tacticalintelligence.net/blog/lifestraw- personal-water-filter-review.htm 66

67. 3. Sea floor minerals: mineral nodules- ocean floor Manganese (to make steel) Iron, copper, nickel, Phosphates Nodules form from dissolved substances in sea water that stick to solid objects (rocks) 15% ocean floor covered in nodules Deep; difficult & costly mining http://www.21stcentech.com/headlines-21st- century-tech-march-22-2013/ http://eatingjellyfish.com/?tag=manganese-nodules 67

68. 4. Tidal or Wave Energy: Energy from movement Water during high tide rushes through narrow coastal passageway Water’s force can turn turbines to generate E *RENEWABLE clean, inexpensive http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/wave-energy2.htm 68

69. P O L L U T I O N Non-point pollution pollution from many sources Oil/gas leaked from cars Personal water craft leak Pesticides, herbicides from golf courses, farmland, home lawns http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/04nonpointsource.html 69

70. Point-source pollution pollution comes from a specific site (Leaking oil tanker, Factory, Wastewater treatment plan) VIDEO: Ganges River pollution http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2011/finalwebsite/solutions/enviro nment/pollution_nonpoint.shtml 70

71. 1.Trash dumping- 1980’s scientists alarmed at type of trash washing on beachs; bandages, vials of HIV blood, syringes EPA investigated: 3 million tons of medical waste/yr has to now go into landfills Dumping in deeper ocean still common http://asklizweston.com/are-you-ready-for-a-zero-waste-lifestyle/ 71

72. 2. Plastic- Plastic never decomposes Pacific garbage pack- kills wildlife http://www.energydigital.com/greentech/1982/Plastic- in-the-Ocean:-What039s-the-Solution 72

73. 3. Sludge dumping- part of treated raw sewage By 1990 US had discharged 38 trillion liters of treated sludge into coastal waters Pollutes beaches; kills marine life Banned, but still practiced http://mugsysrapsheet.com/2013/03/ 73

74. 4. Oil spills- tankers transport oil can spill http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and- chemical-spills/significant-incidents/exxon-valdez- oil-spill/how-toxic-oil.html http://www.adn.com/slideshow/photos-exxon-valdez-oil-spill-archive 1990 double hulled tankers required by the Oil pollution Act (response to March 1989 Exxon Valdez spill in Alaska) Compliance has been slow 74

75. Gulf Coast spill April 2010 (3.2 million barrels of oil into the Gulf) http://knowledge.allianz.com/environment/pollution/?751/gulf-of- mexico-oil-spill-causes-and-effects-gallery http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjec ts/o/oil_spills/gulf_of_mexico_2010/index.html 75 VIDEO: Timeline of Gulf Oil Disaster (4min)

76. CITIZEN POWER 1980’s citizens organized beach cleanups Semi-annual Adopt-a-Beach program http://greatlakes.org/SAAB 76

77. 1972 Clean Water Act put EPA in charge of issuing of permits for trash dumping into oceans 1972 US Marine Protection Research & Sanctuaries Act prohibits dumping any harmful material into marine environments 77

78. RESOURCES NC 8 th grade Holt Science & Technology: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 2005. 78