1. Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
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2. Muscles and Body Movements
Movement is attained as a result of a muscle moving an attached bone
Muscles are attached to at least two points
Origin: attaches to an immovable/less movable bone
Insertion: attaches to a movable bone
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3. Figure 6.12 Muscle attachments (origin and insertion).
Muscle contracting
Origin
Brachialis
Tendon
Insertion

4. Table 6.2 The Five Golden Rules of Skeletal Muscle Activity.

5. Types of Body Movements
Flexion
Decreases the angle of the joint
Brings two bones closer together
Typical of bending hinge joints (e.g., knee and elbow) or ball-and-socket joints (e.g., the hip)
Extension
Opposite of flexion
Increases angle between two bones
Typical of straightening the elbow or knee
Extension beyond 180° is hyperextension
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6. Figure 6.13a Body movements.
Flexion
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
Extension
(a) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the shoulder and knee

7. Figure 6.13b Body movements.
Hyperextension
Extension
Flexion
(b) Flexion, extension, and hyperextension

8. Types of Body Movements
Rotation
Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis
Common in ball-and-socket joints
Example: moving the atlas around the dens of axis (i.e., shaking your head “no”)
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9. Figure 6.13c Body movements.
Rotation
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation
(c) Rotation

10. Types of Body Movements
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline
Adduction
Opposite of abduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline
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11. Figure 6.13d Body movements.
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
(d) Abduction, adduction, and circumduction

12. Types of Body Movements
Circumduction
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
Common in ball-and-socket joints
Proximal end of bone is stationary, and distal end moves in a circle
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13. Figure 6.13d Body movements.
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
(d) Abduction, adduction, and circumduction

14. Special Movements Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion
Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin (toward the dorsum)
Plantar flexion
Depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
“Planting” the foot toward the sole
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15. Figure 6.13e Body movements.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
(e) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

16. Special Movements Inversion Eversion Turning sole of foot medially
Turning sole of foot laterally
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17. Figure 6.13f Body movements.
Inversion
Eversion
(f) Inversion and eversion

18. Special Movements Supination Pronation
Forearm rotates laterally so palm faces anteriorly
Radius and ulna are parallel
Pronation
Forearm rotates medially so palm faces posteriorly
Radius and ulna cross each other like an X
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19. Figure 6.13g Body movements.
Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)
Supination (radius and ulna are parallel) P S S
(g) Supination (S) and pronation (P)

20. Special Movements Opposition
Moving the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers on the same hand
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21. Figure 6.13h Body movements.
Opposition
(h) Opposition

22. Types of Muscles
Prime mover— muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
Synergist— muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
Fixator— stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
Antagonist— muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
It is the actions of all muscles involved that provide smooth, coordinated and precise movement.
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23. Naming Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles can be named according to:
direction of muscle fibers: rectus (straight)
relative size of the muscle: maximus (largest)
location of the muscle: temporalis (temporal bone)
number of origins triceps (three heads)
location of origin and insertion: sterno (on the sternum)
shape of the muscle: deltoid (triangular)
action: flexor/extensor (flex/extend a bone)
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24. Figure 6.15 Relationship of fascicle arrangement to muscle structure.
(b)
(c)
(a) Circular (orbicularis oris)
(b) Converent (pectoralis major)
(e) Multipennate (deltoid)
(d)
(f)
(f) Bipennate (rectus femoris)
(g)
(c) Fusiform (biceps brachii)
(d) Parallel (sartorius)
(g) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)