1. Kush: Expansion of Egypt Sub-Saharan Africa; Flourished along the Upper Nile Sub-Saharan Africa; Flourished along the Upper Nile Independent Kingdom, hieroglyphics from Egypt, mastered use of Iron Independent Kingdom, hieroglyphics from Egypt, mastered use of Iron Defeated by Axum around 300 BCE. Defeated by Axum around 300 BCE. Falls to Ethiopia. Christian Kingdom. Falls to Ethiopia. Christian Kingdom. Active trade with Mediterranean world Active trade with Mediterranean world Ghana becomes first state in the Sahara Ghana becomes first state in the Sahara

2. Japan People migrated to Japan from the Korean peninsula over a 200,000year period, ending in 200 C.E. People migrated to Japan from the Korean peninsula over a 200,000year period, ending in 200 C.E. Organized into tribes with their own chiefs and god. Organized into tribes with their own chiefs and god. Skilled with agriculture, fishing and ironwork Skilled with agriculture, fishing and ironwork Shintoism—Indigenous to Japan. Worship of political rulers and spirits—especially rice. Shintoism—Indigenous to Japan. Worship of political rulers and spirits—especially rice.

3. Northern Europe Loosely organized in regional kingdoms. Loosely organized in regional kingdoms. No written language, agriculture primitive combined with hunting No written language, agriculture primitive combined with hunting Scandinavians developed their sailing skills, used for trading Scandinavians developed their sailing skills, used for trading

4. Americas Olmecs developed and spread an early civilization Olmecs developed and spread an early civilization Based on agriculture, expanding the early cultivation of corn Based on agriculture, expanding the early cultivation of corn Developed in isolation from the rest of the world. Disappear around 400 BCE. Developed in isolation from the rest of the world. Disappear around 400 BCE. Development of Incas in South America. Development of Incas in South America. Successors build Teotihuacan. Set base for Mayas. Successors build Teotihuacan. Set base for Mayas.

5. China Confucian intellectual activity became less creative Confucian intellectual activity became less creative Central government’s control diminished; bureaucrats became more corrupt, and local landlords took up much of the slack ruling according to own wishes Central government’s control diminished; bureaucrats became more corrupt, and local landlords took up much of the slack ruling according to own wishes The Olmecs: Central America. 800 to 400 BCE. Isolation from the rest of the world. The Olmecs: Central America. 800 to 400 BCE. Isolation from the rest of the world. Asiatic Huns: 200-600 CE the Asiatic Huns conducted attacks that led to the decline of all three classical civilizations. Came into Italy and invaded Rome, Overthrow the Guptas and topple the Chinese dynasty. Asiatic Huns: 200-600 CE the Asiatic Huns conducted attacks that led to the decline of all three classical civilizations. Came into Italy and invaded Rome, Overthrow the Guptas and topple the Chinese dynasty.

6. China Deteriorates—central gov. declines. Bureaucracy corrupt. Deteriorates—central gov. declines. Bureaucracy corrupt. Yellow Turbans weaken emperor. Yellow Turbans weaken emperor. Civil War and social unrest. Unable to push back Nomads. Civil War and social unrest. Unable to push back Nomads. Epidemics killed up to half the population…led to three centuries of chaos. Epidemics killed up to half the population…led to three centuries of chaos. 6 th century it recovers from serious setbacks, but does not have to reinvent the civilization 6 th century it recovers from serious setbacks, but does not have to reinvent the civilization

7. India Gupta empire destroyed by Hun Invasions, many of the invaders were integrated into the warrior caste forming a new ruling group of regional princes (Rajput). Gupta empire destroyed by Hun Invasions, many of the invaders were integrated into the warrior caste forming a new ruling group of regional princes (Rajput). Regional princes prevailed emphasizing military power. Muslim rulers from the outside partially conquest. Regional princes prevailed emphasizing military power. Muslim rulers from the outside partially conquest. India’s culture does withstand attack, along with the caste system India’s culture does withstand attack, along with the caste system

8. Rome Political confusion produced a series of weak emperors—No succession. Political confusion produced a series of weak emperors—No succession. A series of plagues that swept over the empire and resulted in the population declining from 1 million to 250,000 and subsequently economic life worsened and the military numbers deteriorated. A series of plagues that swept over the empire and resulted in the population declining from 1 million to 250,000 and subsequently economic life worsened and the military numbers deteriorated. Weakens economic life Weakens economic life Mercenaries from Germany Mercenaries from Germany Entertainment/Pleasure instead of work/babies Entertainment/Pleasure instead of work/babies

9. Rome Constantine ruled the Roman Empire from 312 to 337 C.E. Constantine ruled the Roman Empire from 312 to 337 C.E. He experimented with new methods of control, set up a second capital city, Constantinople, to regulate the eastern half of the empire more efficiently. He also tried to use Christianity to unify the empire spiritually, extending its toleration and adopting it as his own faith. He experimented with new methods of control, set up a second capital city, Constantinople, to regulate the eastern half of the empire more efficiently. He also tried to use Christianity to unify the empire spiritually, extending its toleration and adopting it as his own faith.

10. Byzantine Empire The eastern part of the Roman Empire stays. Civilization more entrenched and less pressure from invaders. The eastern part of the Roman Empire stays. Civilization more entrenched and less pressure from invaders. Language is Greek but maintains authoritarian tone of the late Roman rulers Language is Greek but maintains authoritarian tone of the late Roman rulers It was vibrant, artistically creative and active in trade. It was vibrant, artistically creative and active in trade.

11. Buddhism Buddhism was altered more substantially as it traveled beyond India’s borders. Buddhism was altered more substantially as it traveled beyond India’s borders. Expansion and leadership was lead by monks (dedicate life to spiritual growth). Expands to China, Korea, and Japan Expansion and leadership was lead by monks (dedicate life to spiritual growth). Expands to China, Korea, and Japan

12. Christianity Plays a direct role in the formation of Europe postclassical civilizations. Plays a direct role in the formation of Europe postclassical civilizations. Characterized by its emphasis on church organization and structure, copying from the example of the Roman Empire itself. Characterized by its emphasis on church organization and structure, copying from the example of the Roman Empire itself. Missionary activity and widespread conversions Missionary activity and widespread conversions Stressed its possession of exclusivity and its intolerance of competing beliefs. Stressed its possession of exclusivity and its intolerance of competing beliefs.

13. Christianity Jesus of Nazareth, believed by Christians to be the son of God sent to earth to redeem human sin, crystallized the radical reform movement that was early Christianity Jesus of Nazareth, believed by Christians to be the son of God sent to earth to redeem human sin, crystallized the radical reform movement that was early Christianity Jesus preached widely in Israel and gathered a group of loyal disciples around him. Jesus preached widely in Israel and gathered a group of loyal disciples around him.

14. Islam Began in the early 7 th century and would rival Christianity as a world faith. Began in the early 7 th century and would rival Christianity as a world faith. Reduces the hold of animism in Asia and Europe. Reduces the hold of animism in Asia and Europe.