1. Transportation Costs

2. Cost Categories Infrastructure Highway Construction Highway Maintenance Parking Facilities Operating Costs Vehicle Operation Congestion Pollution Accidents Land Use (Sprawl)

3. Infrastructure Improvements Highway Improvement Costs (Thousands of 2000 U.S. dollars per lane-mile) Freeways/ Expressways Other Divided Highways Undivided Highways U RURUR Right-of-Way for Additional Lanes $632 $253 $570 $229 $514 $209 Construction for Additional Lanes $2,541 $2,138 $2,288 $1,922 $2,057 $1,728 Reconstruction with More Lanes $3,173 $2,391 $2,858 $2,152 $2,572 $1,936 Reconstruction with Wider Lanes $2,330 $1,682 $2,099 $1,514 $1,889 $1,362 Pavement Reconstruction $1,628 $1,466 $1,471 $1,321 $1,326 $1,190 Major Widening $1,300 $1,043 $1,170 $940 $1,052 $845 Minor Widening $940 $721 $845 $648 $760 $584 Resurfacing with Shoulder Improv. $443 $388 $400 $350 $361 $314 Resurfacing $193 $178 $175 $158 $157 $145

4. Congestion Costs Estimated Highway Congestion Costs (Cents Per Vehicle Mile) (FHWA, 1997a) Rural Highways Urban Highways All Highways High Med. Low High Med. Low High Med. Low Auto 3.76 1.28 0.34 18.27 6.21 1.64 13.17 4.48 1.19 PU & Van 3.80 1.29 0.34 17.78 6.04 1.60 11.75 4.00 1.06 Buses 6.96 2.37 0.63 37.59 12.78 3.38 24.79 8.43 2.23 SU Trucks 7.43 2.53 0.67 42.65 14.50 3.84 26.81 9.11 2.41 C Trucks 10.87 3.70 0.98 49.34 16.78 4.44 25.81 8.78 2.32 All 4.40 1.50 0.40 19.72 6.71 1.78 13.81 4.70 1.24

5. Parking Costs Typical Parking Facility Costs (Parking Evaluation) Type of Facility Land LandConst O & M Total Monthly CostCostCostCostCostCost Acre Space Space AnnualAnnual, Suburban, Surface$0 $0 $1,500 $100 $242 $20 Suburban, Surface $50,000 $455 $1,500 $100 $284 $24 Suburban, 2 Level$50,000 $227 $6,000 $200 $788 $66 Urban, Surface $250,000 $2,083 $2,000 $150 $535 $45 Urban, 3-Level $250,000 $694 $8,000 $250 $1,071 $89 Urban, Underground $250,000 $0 $20,000 $350 $2,238 $186 CBD, Surface $1,000,000 $7,692 $2,500 $200 $1,162 $97 CBC, 4-Level Structure $1,000,000 $1,923 $10,000 $300 $1,425 $119 CBD, Underground $1,000,000 $0 $22,000 $400 $2,288 $191 CBD, Surface $1,000,000 $7,692 $2,500 $200 $1,162 $97 CBC, 4-Level Structure $1,000,000 $1,923 $10,000 $300 $1,425 $119 CBD, Underground $1,000,000 $0 $22,000 $400 $2,288 $191

6. Accident Data U.S. Crash Data and Estimated Crash Costs (1997) (Wang, Knipling and Blincoe, 1999) All Vehicles Passenger Cars Light Trucks/Vans Combination Trucks Single Unit Trucks Motor-cycles Police Reported Crashes 6,261,000 5,307,000 2,209,000 214,000 154,000 89,000 Minor-Moderate Injuries 3,433,000 3,020,000 1,183,000 85,000 65,000 78,000 Serious-Fatal Injuries 194,000 146,000 65,000 9,000 5,000 15,000 Crashes Per 100 M VMT 500 556 416 226 289 928 Crashes Per 1000 Veh. 59 65 48 135 36 22 Avg. Cost Per Crash $52,610 $50,190 $50,750 $89,400 $66,370 $206,460 Avg. Cost Per VMT $0.197 $0.248 $0.247 $0.226 $0.215 $2.331 Avg. Cost Per Veh. Year $2,340 $2,900 $2,850 $13,520 $2,720 $5,410

7. Crash Costs Estimated Highway External Crash Costs (Cents Per Vehicle Mile) (FHWA, 1997a) Rural Highways Urban Highways All Highways High Med. Low High Med. Low High Med. Low Auto 9.68 3.15 1.76 4.03 1.28 0.78 6.02 1.94 1.13 PU & Van 10.21 3.31 1.75 4.05 1.27 0.74 6.70 2.15 1.17 Buses 14.15 4.40 2.36 6.25 1.89 1.08 9.55 2.94 1.62 SU Trucks 5.97 2.00 0.97 2.21 0.71 0.40 3.90 1.29 0.65 Co Trucks 6.90 2.20 1.02 3.67 1.16 0.56 5.65 1.79 0.84 All Vehicles 9.52 3.09 1.68 3.98 1.26 0.76 6.12 1.97 1.11

8. Cost Impacts Cost Category Base Costs CAFE TDM Fuel Tax Veh. Cost Elasticity Cost Elasticity Cost Elasticity Cost Fuel Externalities $182 1.0 $164 1.0 $164 1.0 $164 Residential Parking $182 0.0 $182 0.5 $173 0.0 $182 Roadway Land Value $295 0.1 $296 0.1 $293 0.1 $295 Traffic Congestion $455 1.0 $464 1.0 $409 1.0 $441 Environmental Costs $455 1.0 $464 1.0 $409 1.0 $441 Fuel Costs $523 1.0 $470 1.0 $470 1.0 $470 Roadway Costs $545 1.0 $556 1.0 $491 1.0 $529 Non-res. Parking $1,364 0.5 $1,377 0.5 $1,295 0.5 $1,343 Crash Damages $2,273 1.4 $2,336 1.4 $1,955 1.4 $2,177 Vehicle Ownership $3,182 0.4 $3,207 0.4 $3,055 0.4 $3,144 Totals $6,273 $6,309 $5,658 $6,042