1. a Urban Highway Infrastructure: Design For Long, Long Life Michael I. Darter, Ph.D, PE Principle Engineer, ARA, Inc. Director, Pavement Research Institute, University of Minnesota  Building Partnerships and Pathways to Address Engineering Grand Challenges Workshop  University of Texas at El Paso  February 10, 2010

2. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility One Grand Solution Alternative: Design Urban Transportation Infrastructure For Long, Long Life One key to improved urban transportation infrastructure is longevity that includes innovative ways to maintain (rapid renewal) to minimize downtime. Reconstruction of Chicago’s Dan Ryan Expressway, I94 for Long, Long Life

3. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Design Urban Transportation Infrastructure for Long, Long Life Reduce negative extra social, cost, and environmental impacts on the people who live in and use urban transportation infrastructure. Bellefontaine, Ohio: Concrete Pavement 1891 – 2010 = 119 years

4. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility CRCP US-40 / I-80 Fairfield, CA 1949-2009 = 60 years JPCP Route 66 / I-10 San Bernardino, CA 1946 (Diamond Ground 3 times over 64 years) 1949

5. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Design Urban Transportation Infrastructure for Long, Long Life Longer life of these infrastructures can be achieved with the current state of the art in engineering design, materials, and construction quality. Many highway agencies have “long life” structure programs that specify lives of 40, 50, and 60 years. Why not longer? Keys: Design: traffic loads, climate, support, renewal Materials: durability, durability, durability Construction: quality, quality, quality Rapid Renewal/Maintenance: surface renewal only

6. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility MN Example: Long Life Pavement 60 yrs+

7. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Antwerp Ring Road R1, 2005

8. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Antwerp R1 CRCP AADT = 200,000, 10 Lanes AADTT = 50,000 325 million trucks over 40-years design lane

9. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Another Approach: Build Long Life Structure with Rapid Renewal of Surface 9 Many miles of old CRCP has been overlaid with HMA: Composite pavement has no transverse reflection cracks and years of extended life. No transverse reflection cracks HMA OL / CRCP Chicago, I-55

10. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Composite HMA/CRCP Used for Years in Netherlands

11. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility A73 Netherlands Porous Low Noise Composite AC/CRCP

12. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility A12 Motorway Netherlands Composite AC/CRCP

13. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility A12 Netherlands AC/CRCP No transverse cracks, 10 years

14. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Long Life Pavements Attention Everyone is now promoting long life pavements Concrete industry (major advantage of concrete) Asphalt industry (perpetual pavements) FHWA (High Performance Concrete pavements) States (many have long life pavement alternatives) European countries Long Life Conference in Chicago 2006 Many papers from all over world Examples of existing and new long life designs

15. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Design Urban Transportation Infrastructure GRAND SOLUTION: Long, Long Life California recently explored the impacts and feasibility of 100 year design of highway pavements and found it to be feasible with many benefits to users in addition to being sustainable. Several meetings were held over 2 years (Tom Pyle proposed the concept). Started with all technical engineering discussions. Then expanded with other stake holders such as EPA, Natural Resources, Waste Management Board, Air Resources Board, ACPA, FHWA, & others Surprising enthusiasm about the concept!

16. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Why a 100 Year Pavement? Reduction in traffic congestion by 10% or more due to far fewer rehabilitation closures. Reduction in construction zone- related injuries and loss of life due to far fewer work zones.

17. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Work Zone Fatalities, California

18. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Why a 100 Year Pavement? Reduction in engine pollutants by reducing the frequency of pavement rehabilitation and reconstruction.

19. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Why a 100 Year Pavement? Reduction in fuel consumption due to fewer delays from rehabilitation. Minimizing the negative impact of typical highway maintenance and repair activities on local communities and businesses. Improvement in the quality of life by maintaining a cleaner atmosphere and preserving natural resources.

20. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Endorsement of 100 Year Pavements

21. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility 100 Year Pavement

22. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility 100 Year Pavement

23. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Improved Pavement Longevity ---Highway Network Survival---  Design Construction  Materials  Maintenance

24. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility 100 Year Pavement Challenges Fatigue damage/cracking: minimize! (perpetual) Durability: concrete, joints, base, subdrainage. Surface characteristics: renew texture, friction, smoothness, & noise rapidly, periodically. Renewal/Maintenance: minimal off peak lane closures. Rehabilitation: none. Construction quality: New NDT technology ava. Costs: higher initial cost (+3% Mn of total project). Geometry: long term needs.

25. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Rapid Renewal of Surface Concrete: Diamond grinding Surface life could be >20 years between retexturing Design for multiple grind activities… increase thickness Minimal use of energy and natural resources Asphalt: Removal & replace Thin high quality surface life could be >20 years between replacements Replace with improved materials

26. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Two-Layer Concrete Composite Pavements (30+ years experience in Europe) High quality smaller- Sized aggregates Lower-cost local aggregates

27. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Example: 20 – 100 Year Designs Route 210 Los Angles, CA

28. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Traffic Closures Minimal maintenance and no rehabilitation would greatly reduce lane closures for work zones and maintenance resulting in reduced congestion, fuel consumption, & user costs; reduced fatalities; and many environmental benefits over 100 years.

29. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility LCCA Results for Route 210 CA (no User or Environmental Costs calculated)

30. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Design Urban Transportation Infrastructure for Long, Long Life To truly demonstrate benefits, we must also estimate: Reduction in highway user congestion delay, fuel usage, & other costs. Reduction in consumption of raw materials. Lower energy usage, pollutants, and lives saved.

31. a Expanding the Realm of Possibility Design Urban Transportation Infrastructure for Long, Long Life Life-cycle costs not much more (+3% MN) Reduction in fuel consumption due to fewer delays from maintenance & rehabilitation. Reduction in accidents due fewer lane closures Minimizing the negative impact of highway maintenance and rehabilitation activities on urban communities and businesses. Sustaining the quality of life by maintaining a cleaner atmosphere and preserving natural resources.