Myers’ Psychology for AP®, 2e

Myers’ Psychology for AP®, 2e
David G. Myers AP® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board ®, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Unit 12: Abnormal Behavior

Unit 12 - Overview Introduction to Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Other Disorders Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Module 65: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders
I felt the need to clean my room … would spend four to five hours at it… At the time I loved doing it. Then I didn't want to do it any more, but I couldn’t stop… The clothes hung… two fingers apart… I touched my bedroom wall before leaving the house… I had constant anxiety… I thought I might be nuts. Marc, diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (from Summers, 1996)

Introduction How should we define psychological disorders?
How should we understand disorders? How should we classify psychological disorders?

Defining Psychological Disorders

People are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, & the abnormal. This fascination may be caused by two reasons: During various moments we feel, think, & act like an abnormal individual. Psychological disorders may bring on unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, & suicidal thoughts.

To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal. William James ( ) There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004). Depression & schizophrenia exist in ALL cultures of the world.

Defining Psychological Disorders Definition of Disorders - Video 3min
Psychological disorders a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. Behavior that is deviant, distressful, & dysfunctional Varies between cultures, over time, & must be more than just deviant, must be harmful (distressful) Controversial & unclear at times: Attention deficit hyper activity Disorder a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of 1 or more of 3 key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, & impulsivity.

Understanding Psychological Disorders

Understanding Psychological Disorders The Medical Model
Until early 1800s mental illness- largely viewed as possession, evil, godly intervention Philippe Pinel French, late 17th–early 1800s REFORMER. Insisted these behaviors were a “sickness of the mind” often caused by severe stress & inhumane conditions Medical model Mental illness (psychopathology)

Medical Model When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, they started using medical models to review the physical causes of these disorders. Etiology: Cause & development of the disorder. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) & distinguishing one disease from another. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital. Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder.

Understanding Psychological Disorders The Biopsychosocial Approach
Today, psychologist contend that ALL behavior (normal/abnormal) arises from Interaction of nature & nurture But “mental illness” implies an internal problem or sickness. Current psychology considers the problem may be a growth-blocking difficulty in the person’s environment, current interpretation of events, or bad habits & poor social skills Influence of culture on disorders- may share underlying dynamic while differing in symptoms Bulimia, Susto ,Taijain-kyofusho

Classifying Psychological Disorders

Classifying Psychological
Classifying Psychological Disorders Classification and Diagnosis - Free Intro to Psychology Video 5:44 Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) video\_Advanced Assessment & Diagnosis Using the DSM-IV-TR®..._ Seminar with Brooks Baer, MA, LCPC, CMHP.mp4 4min DSM-V Reliable across practitioners International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) coordinated to develop DSM classifications used as diagnosis codes for insurance companies Criticisms of the DSM- creates labels that bias people / may lead to stigmatizing people

How are Psychological Disorders Diagnosed? Multiaxial Classification
Axis I Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? Axis II Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis III Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? Axis IV Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? Axis V What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?

Labeling Psychological Disorders

Labeling Psychological Disorders
Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize individuals. Rosenhan’s study “hearing voices,” saying “empty,” “hollow,” or “thud.” Otherwise gave good info…. All 8 diagnosed mentally ill Power of labels Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another & establishing therapy. Preconception can stigmatize Stereotypes of the mentally ill “Insanity” labels raise moral & ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders & have committed crimes.

Rates of Psychological Disorders

Module 66: Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, & Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Anxiety Disorders video\217_Experiencing_Anxiety.mp4 1:30 min
Anxiety disorder psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Anxiety Disorders - Free Intro to Psychology Video 8min Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorders Phobias

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized anxiety disorder - an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, & in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. (persistent) Unexplainably & continually tense, jittery & uneasy, muscle tension, sleeplessness & agitation, Feeling unfocused, out of control & negative Physical symptoms (dizziness, sweating palms, heart palpitations, High BP, ulcers, etc) w/o any physical problem video\216_Anxiety_Disorders.mp4 7min 2/3 women Cause not Identifiable thus can not be dealt with Free floating anxiety

Panic Disorder

Panic Disorder Panic disorder- an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror & accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Panic attacks- minutes long episode of intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. Usually involves physical symptoms. Smokers have a 2-4 X higher risk

Phobias

Phobias Phobias an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear & avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. Specific phobia – can lead to incapacitating efforts to avoid the feared situation Social anxiety disorder - intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia) Social phobia – intense fear of being scrutinized by others Agoraphobia- fear/avoidance of a situation in which escape might be difficult or help unavailable when panic strikes

Specific Phobia

Phobias

Obsessive-Compulsive & Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder - an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). video\219_OCD_Young Mother.mp4 An obsession vs a compulsion Checkers Hand washers

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Trauma Stressor & Related Disorders

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder - an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. video\THIS EMOTIONAL LIFE _ PTSD _ Treatment _ PBS.flv AKA: PTSD, “shellshock” or “battle fatigue” Not just due to a war situation Post-traumatic growth

Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD & PTSD

Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD & PTSD The Learning Perspective
Classical and operant conditioning Stimulus generalization Reinforcement Observational learning Cognition

Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Learning Perspective
Fear conditioning- general anxiety has been linked with classical conditioning of fear Stimulus generalization Reinforcement- avoidance, compulsions Observational learning We can learn fear thru observing other’s fears

Understanding Anxiety Disorders The Biological Perspective
Natural selection Genes Anxiety gene Twin studies support The Brain scans reveal specific brain activity in OCD & depressed people Anterior cingulate cortex- monitors our actions & checks for errors. Extremely active in OCD patients

Module 67: Depressive & Bipolar Disorders

Depressive Disorders

Mood Disorders Mood disorders psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Mood Disorders - Free Intro to Psychology Video Major depressive disorder mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, & diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. Bipolar disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates btwn the hopelessness & lethargy of depression & the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Major Depressive Disorder
Lethargy Discouraged, dissatisfied, isolated Unable to concentrate, eat or sleep Feelings of worthlessness Loss of interest in family & friends Loss of interest in activities Dysthymic disorder- btwn normal sadness & major depression. Everyday > than 2 yrs

Bipolar & Related Disorders

Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness & lethargy of depression & the overexcited state of mania. (formerly named manic-depressive disorder) Mania (manic) Overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, etc. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Bipolar disorder and creativity

Understanding Depressive & Bipolar Disorders

Many behavioral & cognitive changes accompany depression Depression is widespread, nearly ½ of depressed people have other disorders (anxiety, substance abuse) Compared with men, women are nearly twice as vulnerable to major depression Most major depressive episodes self-terminate Stressful events related to work, marriage & close relationships often precede depression With each new generation, depression is striking earlier & affecting more people

Understanding Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective video\225_Mood_Disorders.mp4 11 m
Genetic Influences Heritability- mood disorders run in families Linkage analysis- process of elimination Association studies- correlation btwn more specific DNA variation & population traits The depressed brain- Left Frontal Lobe. Genes act by directing biochemicals that down the line, influence behavior Biochemical influences (key) Norepinephrine -increases arousal, boosts mood. scarce during depression, in overabundance during Mania Serotonin-scarce during Depression

Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective

Understanding Depressive & Bipolar Disorders The Biological Perspective

Negative Thoughts & Moods Interact
Understanding Depressive & Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective Negative Thoughts & Moods Interact Mind’s negative thoughts can influence biological events that can be a vicious cycle amplifying depression Self-defeating beliefs Learned helplessness Rumination Explanatory style Stable, global, internal explanations Cause versus indictor of depression? Bad moods feed on themselves

1:27 - Lucille

I Will Survive

Understanding Depressive & Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle

Understanding Depressive and Bipolar Disorders The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Depression’s Vicious Cycle

Module 68: Schizophrenia Spectrum

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia (split mind) a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized & delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, & inappropriate emotions & actions. schizophrenia :20 Not multiple personalities Positive symptoms Negative symptoms Psychosis (psychotic disorder)

Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized Thinking
Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Delusions of persecution (paranoid) Word Salad Breakdown in selective attention ability Disturbed perceptions Hallucinations- no stimulus hearing voices Visual, smells, touch hallucinations are rare

Symptoms of Schizophrenia Inappropriate Emotions & Actions
Flat affect – zombielike state of apparent apathy Inappropriate Actions Catatonia- to remain motionless for hrs on end & then become agitated Disruptive social behavior- disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions & inappropriate emotions & actions

Onset & Development of Schizophrenia

Onset and Development of Schizophrenia
Statistics on schizophrenia: 1 in 100 Onset of the disease: Early adulthood Positive vs negative symptoms Chronic (process) schizophrenia develops gradually, emerging from a long history of social inadequacy. Recovery in doubtful Acute (reactive) schizophrenia develops rapidly in response to particular life stresses. Recovery is much more likely

Understanding Schizophrenia

Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Dopamine Overactivity
Dopamine – D4 dopamine receptor -increased receptors for dopamine. Dopamine blocking drugs Glutamate : impaired glutamate acitivity = another symptom Scans : indicate abnormal activity in multiple brain areas. Out of sync neurons may disrupt the integrated functioning of the neural ntwks

Abnormal Brain Activity & Anatomy
Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Abnormal Brain Activity & Anatomy Abnormal Brain Activity & Anatomy Frontal lobe and core brain activity Fluid filled areas of the brain

Maternal Virus During Pregnancy
Understanding Schizophrenia Brain Abnormalities: Maternal Virus During Mid pregnancy Maternal Virus During Pregnancy Studies on maternal activity & schizophrenia Influence of the flu during mid pregnancy may impair fetal brain development

Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors
Genetic predisposition Twin studies

Understanding Schizophrenia Genetic Factors
Genetic predisposition- risks increases to in if a family member had/s schizophrenia & in 1 in 2 if an identical twin has/d it Twin studies & adoption studies confirm genetic connection Genetics & environmental influences- work together

Understanding Schizophrenia Psychological Factors
Possible warning signs Mother severely schizophrenic Birth complications (low weight/oxygen deprivation) Separation from parents Short attention span Disruptive or withdrawn behavior Emotional unpredictability Poor peer relations and solo play video\227_Schizophrenia_Case_Study.mp4 9:24

Module 69: Other Disorders

Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders

Somatic Symptom & Related Disorders Somatoform Disorders - Free Intro to Psychology Video
Somatic symptom disorder psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. Somatic (body) Conversion disorder Functional neurological symptom disorder Illness anxiety disorder Hypochondriasis

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders - Free Intro to Psychology Video
Dissociative disorders disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Fugue state -a patient completely forgets their personal identity (only temporarily) Dissociate (become separated)

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct & alternating personalities. Multiple personality disorder video\232_Multiple_Personality_Disorder.mp4 9 min

Dissociative Disorders Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder
Genuine disorder or not? DID rates cases a year to > 20,000 in the 1980s Therapist’s creation shows up most with therapist who utilize hypnosis Differences are too great

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Feeding & Eating Disorders =-causes-eating-disorders-risk-factors 8 m
..\Motivation and Work\Gimme The Short Version - Eating Disorders - Igloo Animations.flv ..\Motivation and Work\the thinnest woman in the world.flv Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge eating disorder

Personality Disorders

Personality disorders psychological disorders characterized by inflexible & enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Cluster A Schizoid personality disorder Cluster B Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder Cluster C Avoidant personality disorder Most troubling of Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality disorders psychological disorders characterized by inflexible & enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning Anxiety cluster- avoidant Eccentric cluster- schizoid Dramatic/impulsive cluster- histrionic & narcissistic Personality Disorders - Free Intro to Psychology Video 5min Most troubling of Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder
Sociopath or psychopath Understanding anti social personality disorder brain scans reveal reduced activity in the frontal lobes (controls impulses) A genetic predisposition may interact with environ-mental influences to produce this disorder

Rates of Disorder Mental health statistics
1 in 6-7 consistently in studies. Lowest rates – Shanghai Highest rates- US

Rates of Disorder Poverty is a predictor Other factors: Age
Serious psychological disorders are doubly high among those below the poverty line Chicken or egg? Both Schizophrenia leads to poverty Kids in poverty exhibit more deviant & aggressive behavior When people move out of poverty these rates drop 40% Women in poverty= higher rates of substance abuse & depression Other factors: Age Antisocial & phobias appear the earliest ages 8-10 OCD/alcohol abuse/bipolar/schizophrenia=median 20 Major Depression = median age 25

Genetic Connections to Psychological Disorders
genetic-influence-on-psychological-disorders 6:48

The End

Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
This presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

Teacher Information Unit Coding
Just as Myers’ Psychology for AP 2e is color coded to the College Board AP Psychology Course Description (Acorn Book) Units, so are these Powerpoints. The primary background color of each slide indicates the specific textbook unit. Psychology’s History and Approaches Research Methods Biological Bases of Behavior Sensation and Perception States of Consciousness Learning Cognition Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Developmental Psychology Personality Testing and Individual Differences Abnormal Psychology Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Social Psychology

Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple). Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title and module title slide, a page can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation. These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation. For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.

Teacher Information Continuity slides
Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

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Definition Slides

Psychological Disorder
= a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
= a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Medical Model = the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured often through treatment in a hospital.

DSM-5 = the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Anxiety Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

= an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Panic Disorder = an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack.

Phobia = an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Social Anxiety Disorder
= intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia)

Agoraphobia = fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open spaces, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
= a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
= a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Post-Traumatic Growth
= positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Mood Disorders = psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

Major Depressive Disorder
= a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood, or (2) lost of interest or pleasure.

Mania = a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Bipolar Disorder = a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. (formerly called manic-depressive disorder.)

Rumination = compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

Schizophrenia = a group of severe disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression.

Psychosis = a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

Delusions = false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Hallucinations = false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Somatic Symptom Disorder
= psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.

Conversion Disorder = a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no psychological basis can be found. (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder)

Illness Anxiety Disorder
= a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of the disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis)

Dissociative Disorders
= disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
= a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.

Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight.

Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting.

Binge-Eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

= psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Antisocial Personality Disorder
= a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

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