1. A-1 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Extended Learning Module A Computer Hardware and Software

2. A-2 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Presentation Overview A Quick Tour of Technology A Quick Tour of Technology Categories of Computers by Size Categories of Computers by Size Software: Your Intellectual Interface Software: Your Intellectual Interface Hardware: Your Physical Interface Hardware: Your Physical Interface The Complete Computer At Work The Complete Computer At Work

3. A-3 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Introduction Information technology (IT) – computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization. Information technology (IT) – computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization. Hardware – the physical devices that make up a computer. Hardware – the physical devices that make up a computer. Software – the set of instructions that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you. Software – the set of instructions that your hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you.

4. A-4 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Introduction

5. A-5 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved A Quick Tour of Technology Six categories of hardware Six categories of hardware 1. Input device - a tool you use to capture information and commands.  Mouse, keyboard 2. Output device - a tool you use to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of information- processing requests.  Monitor, printer

6. A-6 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved A Quick Tour of Technology 3. Storage device - a tool you use to store information for use at a later time.  Floppy disks 4. Central processing unit (CPU) – the actual hardware that interprets and executes software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together.  Intel Pentium 4 chip RAM, or random access memory, - temporary storage. RAM, or random access memory, - temporary storage.

7. A-7 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved A Quick Tour of Technology 5. Telecommunications device – tool you use to send information to and receive it from another person or location.  Modem 6. Connecting device – includes such things as parallel ports into which you connect a printer and connector cords to connect your printer to the parallel port.  Video card

8. A-8 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved A Quick Tour of Technology Software types include: Software types include:  Application software - solves specific problems or perform specific tasks.  System software - handles tasks specific to technology management. Operating system software - controls application software and manages hardware devices. Operating system software - controls application software and manages hardware devices. Utility software - provides additional functionality to the operating system. Utility software - provides additional functionality to the operating system.

9. A-9 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Categories of Computers By Size Personal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop Computers

10. A-10 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Categories of Computers By Size Personal Digital Assistants, Notebook Computers, and Desktop Computers Personal digital assistant (PDA) – a small hand-held computer that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address book. Personal digital assistant (PDA) – a small hand-held computer that helps you surf the Web and perform simple tasks such as note taking, calendaring, appointment scheduling, and maintaining an address book. Notebook computer - a fully functional computer designed to be carried around and run on battery power. Notebook computer - a fully functional computer designed to be carried around and run on battery power. Desktop computer - the most popular choice for personal computing needs. Desktop computer - the most popular choice for personal computing needs.

11. A-11 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Categories of Computers By Size Minicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Supercomputers

12. A-12 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Categories of Computers By Size Minicomputers, Mainframe Computers, and Supercomputers Minicomputer - designed to meet the computing needs of several people simultaneously in a small to medium- size business environment. Minicomputer - designed to meet the computing needs of several people simultaneously in a small to medium- size business environment. Mainframe computer - designed to meet the computing needs of hundreds of people in a large business environment. Mainframe computer - designed to meet the computing needs of hundreds of people in a large business environment. Supercomputers - the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive type of computer. Supercomputers - the fastest, most powerful, and most expensive type of computer.

13. A-13 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Application software is used to meet specific information-processing needs, including such things as: Application software is used to meet specific information-processing needs, including such things as:  Payroll  Customer relationship management  Project management  Training  Word processing and many others.

14. A-14 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Personal productivity software - performs personal tasks, including such things as creating: Personal productivity software - performs personal tasks, including such things as creating:  Memos  Graphs  Slide presentations Team Work Buying Personal Productivity Software Suites (p. 49)

15. A-15 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Word processing – helps you create papers, letters, memos, and other basic documents. Word processing – helps you create papers, letters, memos, and other basic documents. Spreadsheet – helps you work primarily with numbers, including performing calculations and creating graphs. Spreadsheet – helps you work primarily with numbers, including performing calculations and creating graphs. Presentation – helps you create and edit information that will appear in electronic slides. Presentation – helps you create and edit information that will appear in electronic slides.

16. A-16 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Desktop publishing – extends word processing software by including design and formatting techniques to enhance the layout and appearance of a document. Desktop publishing – extends word processing software by including design and formatting techniques to enhance the layout and appearance of a document. Personal information management (PIM) – helps you create and maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, and points of contact. Personal information management (PIM) – helps you create and maintain to-do lists, appointments, calendars, and points of contact. Personal finance – helps you maintain your checkbook, prepare a budget, track investments, monitor your credit card balances, and pay bills electronically. Personal finance – helps you maintain your checkbook, prepare a budget, track investments, monitor your credit card balances, and pay bills electronically.

17. A-17 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Web authoring – helps you design and develop Web sites and pages that you publish on the Web. Web authoring – helps you design and develop Web sites and pages that you publish on the Web. Graphics – helps you create and edit photos and art. Graphics – helps you create and edit photos and art. Communications – helps you communicate with other people. Communications – helps you communicate with other people. Database management system (DBMS) – helps you specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. Database management system (DBMS) – helps you specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database.

18. A-18 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Application Software Vertical market software - unique to a particular industry. Examples include: Vertical market software - unique to a particular industry. Examples include:  Patient-scheduling software  Nursing allocation software Horizontal market software - general enough to be suitable for use in a variety of industries. Examples include: Horizontal market software - general enough to be suitable for use in a variety of industries. Examples include:  Inventory management software  Payroll software

19. A-19 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface System Software Operating system software - controls application software and manages how hardware devices work together. Operating system software - controls application software and manages how hardware devices work together. Multitasking - allows you to work with more than one piece of software at a time. Multitasking - allows you to work with more than one piece of software at a time. Utility software - adds additional functionality to the operating system. Utility software - adds additional functionality to the operating system. Anti-virus software - utility software that scans for and often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices. Anti-virus software - utility software that scans for and often eliminates viruses in RAM and storage devices.

20. A-20 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface System Software Crash-proof software – utility software that saves information if your system crashes. Crash-proof software – utility software that saves information if your system crashes. Team Work Evaluating Utility Software Suites (p. 52)

21. A-21 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface System Software Uninstaller software – utility software that removes software from your hard disk. Uninstaller software – utility software that removes software from your hard disk. Disk optimization software – utility software that organizes information on your hard disk. Disk optimization software – utility software that organizes information on your hard disk.

22. A-22 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Personal Operating Systems Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro – for personal computers connected to a network. Microsoft Windows 2000 Pro – for personal computers connected to a network. Microsoft Windows 2000 Me – for home computer users. Microsoft Windows 2000 Me – for home computer users. Microsoft Windows XP Home – upgrade to Windows 2000 Me. Microsoft Windows XP Home – upgrade to Windows 2000 Me.

23. A-23 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Software: Your Intellectual Interface Personal Operating Systems Microsoft Windows XP Pro – upgrade to Windows 2000 Pro. Microsoft Windows XP Pro – upgrade to Windows 2000 Pro. Mac OS – for today’s Apple computers. Mac OS – for today’s Apple computers. Linux – open-source operating system for high- end workstations and network servers. Linux – open-source operating system for high- end workstations and network servers.

24. A-24 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Binary digit (bit) - the smallest unit of information. Binary digit (bit) - the smallest unit of information.  Either a 1 (on) or 0 (off). ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - the coding system that most personal computers use to represent, process, and store information. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) - the coding system that most personal computers use to represent, process, and store information.

25. A-25 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Byte - a group of eight bits represents one natural language character. Byte - a group of eight bits represents one natural language character.  C – 01100011  O – 01001111  L – 01001100

26. A-26 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Input Devices Input device - a tool you use to capture information and commands. Examples include: Input device - a tool you use to capture information and commands. Examples include:  Keyboard – today’s most popular input technology.  Trackball – an upside-down, stationary mouse in which you move the ball instead of the device (mainly for notebooks).

27. A-27 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Input Devices  Point-of-sale (POS) - for capturing information at the point of a transaction, typically in a retail environment.  Pointing stick - small rubberlike pointing device that causes the pointer to move on the screen as you apply directional pressure (popular on notebooks).

28. A-28 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Input Devices  Microphone - for capturing live sounds such as a dog barking or your voice (for automatic speech recognition).  Touchpad - another form of a stationary mouse on which you move your finger to cause the pointer on the screen to move (popular also on notebooks).

29. A-29 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Input Devices  Mouse - today’s most popular “pointing” input device.  Bar code reader - captures information that exists in the form of vertical bars whose width and distance apart determine a number.

30. A-30 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Input Devices  Touch screen - special screen that lets you use your finger to point at and touch a particular function you want to perform.

31. A-31 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Input Devices  Optical mark recognition (OMR) - detects the presence or absence of a mark in a predetermined place (popular for multiple choice exams).  Scanner - captures images, photos, and artwork that already exist on paper.

32. A-32 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Output Devices Output device - a tool you use to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of your information- processing requests. Output device - a tool you use to see, hear, or otherwise accept the results of your information- processing requests.

33. A-33 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Output Devices CRTs – look like television sets. CRTs – look like television sets. Flat-panel displays – thin, lightweight monitors that take up much less space than CRTs. Flat-panel displays – thin, lightweight monitors that take up much less space than CRTs. Resolution of a screen – number of pixels it has (given by row and column.) Resolution of a screen – number of pixels it has (given by row and column.) Dot pitch – the distance between the centers of a pair of like-colored pixels. Dot pitch – the distance between the centers of a pair of like-colored pixels.

34. A-34 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Output Devices Resolution of a printer - the number of dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is the same principle as the resolution in monitors. Resolution of a printer - the number of dots per inch (dpi) it produces, which is the same principle as the resolution in monitors.

35. A-35 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Output Devices Inkjet printers – make images by forcing ink droplets through nozzles. Inkjet printers – make images by forcing ink droplets through nozzles. Laser printers – form images using an electrostatic process. Laser printers – form images using an electrostatic process. Multifunction printers – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print. Multifunction printers – scan, copy, and fax, as well as print. On Your Own Finding a Printer to Meet Your Needs (p. 57)

36. A-36 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Characteristics of CPUs and RAM Central processing unit (CPU) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. Central processing unit (CPU) - the actual hardware that interprets and executes the software instructions and coordinates how all the other hardware devices work together. RAM, or random access memory, - temporary storage that holds the information, the application software, and the operating system software. RAM, or random access memory, - temporary storage that holds the information, the application software, and the operating system software.

37. A-37 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Characteristics of CPUs and RAM CPU speeds CPU speeds CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software instructions. CPU cycles determine how fast a CPU executes software instructions. More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.) More cycles means faster processing (and more cost.)  Megahertz (MHz) - the number of millions of CPU cycles per second.  Gigahertz (GHz) - the number of billions of CPU cycles per second.

38. A-38 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Characteristics of CPUs and RAM CPU contains two primary parts including: CPU contains two primary parts including:  Control unit - interprets software instructions and literally tells the other hardware devices what to do, based on the software instructions.  Arithmetic/logic unit (A/L unit) - performs all arithmetic operations (for example, addition and subtraction) and all logic operations (such as sorting and comparing numbers).

39. A-39 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Characteristics of CPUs and RAM RAM capacity is expressed in bytes. RAM capacity is expressed in bytes.

40. A-40 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Storage Devices Storage device capacities are measured in terms of bytes. Storage device capacities are measured in terms of bytes.  Megabyte (MB or M or Meg) – is roughly 1 million bytes.  Gigabyte (GB or Gig) - roughly 1 billion characters.  Terabyte (TB) - roughly 1 trillion bytes.

41. A-41 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Storage Devices

42. A-42 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Storage Devices Floppy disk – great for portability of information and ease of updating but holds only 1.44MB of information. Floppy disk – great for portability of information and ease of updating but holds only 1.44MB of information. High-capacity floppy disk – great for portability and ease of updating and holds between 100MB and 250MB of information. High-capacity floppy disk – great for portability and ease of updating and holds between 100MB and 250MB of information. Hard disk – rests within your system box and offers both ease of updating and great storage capacity. Hard disk – rests within your system box and offers both ease of updating and great storage capacity.

43. A-43 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Storage Devices CD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating capabilities with about 800MB of storage capacity. CD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating capabilities with about 800MB of storage capacity. CD-R (compact disc – recordable) – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with about 800MB of storage capacity. CD-R (compact disc – recordable) – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with about 800MB of storage capacity. CD-RW (compact disc – rewritable) – offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the CD. CD-RW (compact disc – rewritable) – offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the CD.

44. A-44 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Common Storage Devices DVD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating capabilities with upward of 17GB of storage capacity. DVD-ROM – optical or laser disc that offers no updating capabilities with upward of 17GB of storage capacity. DVD-R – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with upward of 17GB of storage capacity. DVD-R – optical or laser disc that offers one-time writing capability with upward of 17GB of storage capacity. DVD-RW, or DVD-RAM, or DVD+RW – optical or laser disc that offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the DVD. DVD-RW, or DVD-RAM, or DVD+RW – optical or laser disc that offers unlimited writing and updating capabilities on the DVD.

45. A-45 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Telecommunications Devices Network - two or more computers connected so that they can communicate with each other and possibly share information, software, peripheral devices, and/or processing power. Network - two or more computers connected so that they can communicate with each other and possibly share information, software, peripheral devices, and/or processing power. Telephone modem - a device that connects your computer to your phone line so that you can access another computer or network. Telephone modem - a device that connects your computer to your phone line so that you can access another computer or network.

46. A-46 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Telecommunications Devices

47. A-47 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Telecommunications Devices Types of modems include: Types of modems include:  Telephone modem  Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem  Cable modem  Satellite modem Module E covers these in more detail. Module E covers these in more detail.

48. A-48 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Telecommunications Devices Communication software includes: Communication software includes:  Connectivity software – enables you to use your computer to “dial up” or connect to another computer.  Web browser software – enables you to surf the Web.  E-mail software – enables you to electronically communicate with other people by sending and receiving e-mail.

49. A-49 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices Connecting devices enable your hardware to communicate with each other. Types include: Connecting devices enable your hardware to communicate with each other. Types include:  Buses  Expansion Slots  Expansion Cards  Ports and Connectors System bus - consists of the electronic pathways which move information between basic components on the motherboard, including between your CPU and RAM. System bus - consists of the electronic pathways which move information between basic components on the motherboard, including between your CPU and RAM.

50. A-50 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices Expansion bus - moves information from your CPU and RAM to all of your other hardware devices such as your microphone and printer. Expansion bus - moves information from your CPU and RAM to all of your other hardware devices such as your microphone and printer. Expansion slot - a long skinny socket on the motherboard into which you insert an expansion card. Expansion slot - a long skinny socket on the motherboard into which you insert an expansion card. Expansion card - a circuit board that you insert into an expansion slot. Expansion card - a circuit board that you insert into an expansion slot.

51. A-51 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices

52. A-52 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices Different hardware devices require different kinds of ports and connectors. Different hardware devices require different kinds of ports and connectors. Ports - the plug-ins found on the outside of your system box (usually in the back) into which you plug a connector. Ports - the plug-ins found on the outside of your system box (usually in the back) into which you plug a connector.

53. A-53 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Ports Parallel port Serial port USB port Keyboard and mouse ports

54. A-54 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices Popular connectors include: Popular connectors include:  USB (universal serial bus) – becoming the most popular means of connecting devices to a computer.  Serial connector – usually has 9 holes but may have 25, which fit into the corresponding number of pins in the port.  Parallel connector – has 25 pins, which fit into the corresponding holes in the port.

55. A-55 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hardware: Your Physical Interface Connecting Devices IrDA (infrared data association) ports –are for wireless devices that work in essentially the same way as the remote control on your TV does. IrDA (infrared data association) ports –are for wireless devices that work in essentially the same way as the remote control on your TV does.

56. A-56 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Complete Computer at Work

57. A-57 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Summary Student Learning Outcomes 1. Define information technology (IT) and its two basic categories: hardware and software. 2. Describe categories of computers by size. 3. Compare the roles of personal productivity, vertical market, and horizontal market software. 4. Describe the roles of operating system and utility software as components of system software. 5. Define the purposes of the six major categories of hardware.

58. A-58 Management Information Systems for the Information Age Copyright 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Summary Assignments and Exercises 1. Customizing a computer purchase 2. Web-enabled cell phones and web computers 3. Operating system software for PDAs 4. Types of monitors and their quality