2. Carbon Capture and Storage - can it make coal clean? Dr. Shannon Page Department of Environmental Management Lincoln University

3. What do I mean by clean?

4. Mining Direct environmental impacts

5. What do I mean by clean? Mining Processing Direct environmental impacts Products: Fertiliser, Diesel Briquettes Lignite Carbon dioxide Emissions

6. What do I mean by clean? Mining Processing Direct environmental impacts Products: Fertiliser, Diesel Briquettes Lignite Carbon dioxide Emissions

7. What do I mean by clean? Mining Processing Direct environmental impacts Products: Fertiliser, Diesel Briquettes Lignite Carbon dioxide Emissions CCS applies to this bit only

8. Carbon capture and storage: What is it? Lignite coal Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Process plant

9. Carbon capture and storage: What is it? Lignite coal Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Capture Process plant

10. Carbon capture and storage: What is it? Lignite coal Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Capture Transport (pipeline) Process plant

11. Carbon capture and storage: What is it? Lignite coal Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Capture Transport (pipeline) Process plant

12. Carbon capture and storage: What is it? Lignite coal Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Capture Transport (pipeline) Process plant Storage in a depleted oil or gas field

13. Carbon capture and storage: What is it? Lignite coal Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Capture Transport (pipeline) Or in a saline aquifer Process plant Storage in a depleted oil or gas field

14. Lignite Coal Synthetic natural gas and other chemicals CO 2 Great Plains Synfuels Plant North Dakota, USA, Carbon Capture and Storage: Is it being done?

15. Lignite Coal Synthetic natural gas and other chemicals CO 2 Near depleted Oil field Weyburn, Canada 325km pipeline Great Plains Synfuels Plant North Dakota, USA, Carbon Capture and Storage: Is it being done?

16. Lignite Coal Synthetic natural gas and other chemicals CO 2 Near depleted Oil field Weyburn, Canada 325km pipeline Great Plains Synfuels Plant North Dakota, USA, Other Non-Coal carbon capture and storage projects Carbon Capture and Storage: Is it being done? Natural gas processing North Sea, Norway Natural gas processing, Algeria

17. Lignite Coal Synthetic natural gas and other chemicals CO 2 Near depleted Oil field Weyburn, Canada 325km pipeline Great Plains Synfuels Plant North Dakota, USA, Other Non-Coal carbon capture and storage projects Carbon Capture and Storage: Is it being done? Natural gas processing North Sea, Norway Natural gas processing, Algeria 1) Just one coal CCS project in operation 2) Not all CO 2 is captured and stored 3) All CO 2 storage projects involve oil/gas recovery

18. Lignite Coal Synthetic natural gas and other chemicals CO 2 Near depleted Oil field Weyburn, Canada 325km pipeline Great Plains Synfuels Plant North Dakota, USA, Other Non-Coal carbon capture and storage projects Carbon Capture and Storage: Is it being done? Natural gas processing North Sea, Norway Natural gas processing, Algeria 1) Just one coal CCS project in operation 2) Not all CO 2 is captured and stored 3) All CO 2 storage projects involve oil/gas recovery

19. Carbon Capture and Storage for NZ’s Lignite Coal

20. Lignite

21. Carbon Capture and Storage for NZ’s Lignite Coal Gas (+some oil) Lignite

22. Carbon Capture and Storage for NZ’s Lignite Coal Storage site: No depleted gas/oil reservoirs close by Unknown if other types of storage site exist Gas (+some oil) Lignite

23. Carbon Capture and Storage for NZ’s Lignite Coal Storage site: No depleted gas/oil reservoirs close by Unknown if other types of storage site exist IF CCS did occur, not all CO 2 would be captured Gas (+some oil) Lignite

24. Carbon Capture and Storage for NZ’s Lignite Coal Storage site: No depleted gas/oil reservoirs close by Unknown if other types of storage site exist IF CCS did occur, not all CO 2 would be captured Gas (+some oil) Lignite 2/3 rd of NZ diesel Lignite

25. Carbon Capture and Storage for NZ’s Lignite Coal Storage site: No depleted gas/oil reservoirs close by Unknown if other types of storage site exist IF CCS did occur, not all CO 2 would be captured Gas (+some oil) Lignite 2/3 rd of NZ diesel Lignite 3.4 Mt/y 2.6 Mt/y

26. Carbon Capture and Storage for NZ’s Lignite Coal Storage site: No depleted gas/oil reservoirs close by Unknown if other types of storage site exist IF CCS did occur, not all CO 2 would be captured Gas (+some oil) Lignite 2/3 rd of NZ diesel Lignite 3.4 Mt/y 2.6 Mt/y = largest storage project in the world

27. Carbon Capture and Storage: Can it make coal clean ? ? Carbon dioxide Emissions Product Lignite CCS can only address some of the CO 2 from the process plant No storage site – chances of finding one and implementing CCS; unlikely