1. Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget (Kiehl and Trenberth, 1997 )

2. Energy Use per Capita and per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product, 1970-2030 (index, 1970=1) Energy Prices, 1970-2030 (2003 dollars per million Btu) Energy Consumption by Fuel, 1970- 2030 quadrillion BTU) BTU = heat required to raise 1 lb of water 1 degree F

3. 11. The global carbon cycle shows the carbon reservoirs in GtC (gigatonne= one thousand million tonnes) and fluxes in GtC/year. The indicated figures are annual averages over the period 1980 to 1989. The component cycles are simplified and the figures present average values. The riverine flux, particularly the anthropogenic portion, is currently very poorly quantified and is not shown here.

4. Diagram of the carbon cycle. The black numbers indicate how much carbon is stored in various reservoirs, in billions of tons ("GtC" stands for GigaTons of Carbon). The blue numbers indicate how much carbon moves between reservoirs each year. The sediments, as defined in this diagram, do not include the ~70 million GtC of carbonate rock and kerogen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_cycle

5. http://science.hq.nasa.gov/oceans/system/carbon.html

6. http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossil fuels.htm

7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima ge:CatReformer.png

8. Peat => Lignite => Bitumous => Anthracite

9. http://www.discoveringfossils.co.uk/fossilfuels.htm

11. http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/2005/09/94-energy-flow-diagrams.html

12. Combustion Efficiency http://www.bacharach-training.com/Combustion%20Zone/Comb/combustion.htm Spontaneous reactions increase the entropy of the universe Putting in some numbers: Tc = 300 Th = 823 n < 0.64

13. Example Fuels Hydrogen H 2 Gas CH 4 Petroleum -CH 2 - Coal -CH- Ethanol C 2 H 5 O H

14. Nuclear Power http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/power.html

15. CANDU http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:CANDU_reactor_schematic.png

16. Nuclear Reactors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANDU_reactor

17. Breeder Reactor www.wikipedia.org

18. Solar Energy

19. Solar Heating http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=12850

20. http://www.energylan.sandia.gov/sunlab/research.htm

21. http://www.solarserver.de/wissen/photovoltaik-e.html

22. Photovoltaics

23. Wind http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/pow/index.htm

24. Energy Flow in the US 2005 (Quadrillion Btu)

25. Electricity Flow, 2005 (Quadrillion Btu)

26. Oil Millions of Barrels per day!

27. Natural Gas Flow, 2005 (Trillion Cubic Feet)

28. Coal Flow, 2005 (Million Short Tons)

30. http://peakoildebunked.blogspot.com/2005/09/94-energy-flow-diagrams.html

32. The campus uses 1.7x10 11 J of electrical work per day. Petroleum: kJ/gram = 43.6 Solar: Insulation 4 kW hr/m 2 /day Wind: Energy density 200W/m 2 kW-hour = 3,600,000 joules