1. Writing the Scientific Paper Why you should write How to prepare to write Introduction Methods Results

2. Purpose of Results Section “To give as clear an answer to the question to be answered by the research as your data will permit” —Ed Huth

3. Goals of Results Section Present the findings of the study in a logical manner To describe what you found, not what you did (methods) or what it means (discussion)

4. Writing the Results Section Report only the results that are key to your study objective Tables used to depict numerical findings Figures used to provide visual images of trends and relationships Main results in text describing the tables and figures, not duplicating what is in them Presentation should be neutral: –“just the facts, ma’am”

5. Overview of Results Section Study population characteristics Bivariate relationships between independent and dependent variables Multivariate analyses as appropriate Significance can be noted but not interpreted Primary, secondary and exploratory outcomes

6. Results Section: Table 1 Characteristics of the population –“Of the 9906 women who responded to the 2002-2008 RI PRAMS surveys, 15.2% were Hispanic... Compared to non-Hispanic white women Hispanic women were younger, and had lower levels of education, income and health insurance before their current pregnancy. Hispanic women had higher levels of public insurance and WIC utilization during pregnancy

8. Results Section: Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Population –“ A total of 144 pregnant and recently pregnant women participated in 18 focus groups. More than half of the participants were postpartum at the time of the focus groups and 44% were currently pregnant. The majority were aged 25-34 years, 26% were aged 18-24 years and 12% were aged 35-44 years. Participants were mostly white (65.5%) followed by 28.1% black..

10. Results Section Tables and Figures –Most efficient way to present data –Don’t repeat information in figures and tables –Order by appearance in text –Should be able to stand alone –Be sure tables, figures and text consistent

11. Tables Use if exact or individual values needed or large amounts of data Organize into columns and rows, label Arrange comparisons from left to right or top to bottom Juxtapose data being compared

12. Tables Clear title Labelled columns and rows Includes sample sizes, unadjusted and adjusted results, statistical testing Explanatory footnotes

19. Figures Use when highlighting relationships or trends

22. Bar Graph Decker SL. Medicaid payment levels to dentists and access to dental care among children and adolescents. JAMA. 2011;306(2):187-193. Not shown in slide: Stand alone title, figure legend, footnote Clearly shows relationship between discrete variables-- insurance and dental visits-- and relationship over time

23. Other Types of Figures Photographs Illustrations

24. Results Section Common mistakes –Repeating results in text, tables, figures –Putting results in methods or discussion sections or methods or discussion in results section –Interpreting results –Comparing results to literature

25. References Cited Slides 6, 7 and 15: Bromley, E. et al Disparities in Pregnancy healthcare utilization between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic white women in Rhode Island. Matern Child Health J (2012) 16:1576-582 Slides 8. 9 and 20: Lynch, M et al Pregnant and recently pregnant women’s perceptions about Influenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009: Implications for public health and provider communication. Matern Child Health J (20120) 16: 1657-1664 Slides 13 and 14: Abusalah, A. et al Low birth weight and prenatal exposure to indoor pollution from tobacco smoke and wood fuel smoke: A matched case-control study in Gaza Strip Matern Child Health J 16: 1718- 1727. Slides 16-18: Kim, J et al Is there a difference between center and home care providers’ training, perceptions and practices related to obesity prevention? Matern Child Health J (2012) 16: 1559-1566. Slide 21: Hwang, S et al The association between maternal oral health experiences and risk of preterm birth in 10 states, PRAMS 2004-2006 Matern Child Health J (2012) 16: 1688-1695.