1. Remember: Two Ways to Look At Evolution MicroevolutionMacroevolution The formation of new species or taxonomic groups How did animals evolve, how did mammals evolve etc. We just finished this Moving on to this!

2. Macroevolution Big Changes

3. Can Selection Alone Cause Big Changes? Clearly

4. Macroevolution Is concerned with how new taxonomic groups or species came to be E.g. how did mammals evolve from ancestral reptiles (taxonomic group)

5. The Taxonomic Groups is how we organize all the organisms on the Earth! Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species **Do not need to memorize this for quizzes!***

6. Pneumonic Device Dude – Kings Play – Chess » On Fancy Gold Sets

7. Ex: Cat Taxonomy Domain – Kingdom Phylum – Class » Order Family Genus species Eukarya – Animalia Chordata (vertebrates) – Mammalia » Carnivora Felidae Felis catus

8. Example Felis Catus Felis

9. Scientific Names are based on Taxonomy Genus species of taxonomy put together and put in italics. Ex: humans are Homo sapiens/H. sapiens Ex: Domestic cat is Felis catus (also called Felis domesticus, Felis silvestrus)

10. Modern Goal of Taxonomy Identify which species are most closely related to which E.g. which fossils we find represent ancestors, which represents cousins?

11. Speculative, but not a leap of Faith 7.3 – the Evidence!

12. Microevolution  Macroevolution

13. Different Species… Cannot have fertile, viable offspring**

14. **A Quick Note Identifying species (and other taxonomic levels) is trying to put all of nature into neat little boxes Nature don’t work like that..

15. Appearance can be misleading in determining a species. What is a species?

16. Members of Different Species May Be Similar in Appearance Fig. 16-1

17. Members of SAME Species May Differ in Appearance

18. Speciation is the process by which new species form 1. Populations Isolated May be physically (allopatric) or within an area (sympatric) 2. Populations genetically diverge

19. Part of a mainland population reaches to an isolated island Divergence may eventually become sufficient to cause reproductive isolation The isolated populations begin to diverge due to genetic drift and natural selection Allopatric Isolation and Divergence Fig. 16-9

20. Part of a fly population that lives only on hawthorn trees moves to an apple tree The flies living on the apple tree do not encounter the flies living on the hawthorn tree, so the populations diverge Sympatric Isolation and Divergence Fig. 16-10

21. Is this Plausible? Yes! There is observed experimental evidence of speciation.

22. Lizard evolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmtIofde Ubc

23. Micro + Macro  The Big Picture Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

24. But How Could This

25. Evolve from this?

26. Very Gradually Over 4 Billion Years https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsHwCc9 C3GA

27. But like, what’s a billion? 1 million seconds = about 12 days 1 billion seconds = about 32 years 1 million minutes ago was approximately 2 years ago 1 billion minutes ago was the year 114AD 1 million hours ago it was the dawn of the 20th century (1901) 1 billion hours ago was around the time we think the first modern humans walked (141k ya) 1 million days ago it was about 700BC 1 billion days ago was 2.7 million years BC

28. To Understand the Evolutionary Timescale Get 92cm worth of receipt paper Scale out 4.6 billion years on that paper (the approximate age of the Earth) – The 4.6 billion years should use up all 92 cm. Why are we asking you to use 92 cm HINT HINT – Check with your teacher to see if your scale is appropriate

29. Step 2 Pick 10 MAJOR events in the history of the Earth (and life) – Do not focus on human events Get this list approved Identify approximately when they occurred and place a sketch or small picture at the appropriate point. Label what happened

30. E.g. if you did the last 20 years Today2 ya6ya10ya 20ya4 ya 8ya 12 ya16ya 14 ya 18ya MJ 6-peats You all are born Y2k is a bust 9/11 Iraq War Obama Elected Burj Khalifa New Jones Built

31. Reproductive Barriers Pre-Zygotic No successful union of sperm and egg Post-Zygotic Zygote forms, but the resulting offspring is not fertile and viable