1. Reporting Category 3

2. TEK 7A
Analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental

3. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Darwin, who is famous for his trips to the Galapagos Islands where he observed finches and other animals, wrote “The origin of Species”
His theory includes:
1. variation exists among individuals in a species
2. individuals of species will compete for resources
3. some competition would lead to death of some individuals while other would survive
4. individuals that had advantageous variations are more likely to survive and reproduce

4. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
The process he described came to be known as Natural Selection
The favorable variations are called adaptations

5. Comparative Anatomy
Homologous structures- structures that came from the same embryonic tissue, but serve different functions
Vestigial structures-organs or other structures that are not used; may have evolved over time to not need it
Analogous structures- structures in different organisms that look similar, or perform similar functions, but are not from the same ancestral source

6. Comparative Anatomy

7. Embryology
Darwin believed that uniformity seen in the embryos of organisms was evidence for evolution
As the embryos grow and develop, they become less and less similar

8. Geographic Isolation
When a species is geographically isolated, evolution can result in separate species largely due to genetic drift
This can eventually result in behavioral isolation as well

9. Example Questions
The organisms have developed from a common ancestor

10. TEK 7E
Analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species

11. Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms(RIMs)
Prevent successful breeding between different species. They are barriers to gene flow
The two main kinds:
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms-act before fertilization to prevent successful reproduction
Habitat, temporal(time-based), behavioral, and structural
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms-act after fertilization to prevent successful reproduction
Hybrid inviablility(failure of zygote to develop) and hybrid sterility, and speciation

12. Types of Speciation
Allopatric- populations become geographically separated, and develop RIMs
Sympatric-a population forms a new species within the same area as the parent species
Parapatric- the speciating populations are only partially separated geographically, so some individuals on each side are able to meet across a common boundary during the speciation process

13. Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution
Species from different evolutionary branches may resemble each other if they have similar ecological roles
The diversification of an ancestral group into two or more species in different habitats

14. Convergent vs. Divergent Evolution

15. Example Question

16. TEK 7F
Analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination mechanisms of evolution

17. Genetic Drift
Imagine that in one generation, two brown beetles happened to have four offspring survive to reproduce. Several green beetles were killed when someone stepped on them and had no offspring. The next generation would have a few more brown beetles than the previous generation—but just by chance. These chance changes from generation to generation are known as genetic drift

18. Gene Flow
Gene flow, aka migration, is any movement of genes from one population to another. If genes are carried to a population where those genes previously did not exist, gene flow can be a source of genetic variation

19. Bottlenecks and Founder Effects
Bottlenecks: occur when a population’s size is reduced for at least one generation. This can reduce a population’s genetic variation by a lot
Founder effects: occurs when a new colony is started by a few members of the original population. This can also reduce genetic variation

20. TEK 8B
Categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups

21. Modern Linnaean System
Domain: the category domain is used to recognize the most basic differences among cell types. Organisms are grouped into 1 of 3 domains
Kingdom: encompasses large groups such as plants, animals, or fungi. There are 6 kingdoms
Phylum: a subgroup within a kingdom; Humans belong to Chordata
Class: a subgroup within a phylum; Humans belong to mammalia
Order: a subgroup within a class; Humans belong to Primates

22. Modern Linnaean System
Family: a subgroup within an order; Humans belong to Hominidae
Genus: a subgroup within a family ; species in a genus are thought to be closely related; Humans belong to Homo
Species: a unique group of organisms united by heredity; Humans belong to sapiens
Homo sapiens is recognized as the only living primate species that walks upright and uses spoken language

23. Modern Linnaean System

24. Taxonomic Diagrams
Phylogeny: the evolutionary relationships among organisms; this shows divergent evolution over time

25. Taxonomic Diagrams
Cladograms: expressing phylogeny in order of divergence

26. Taxonomic Diagrams
Dichotomous Keys: identify organisms, and contain pairs of contrasting descriptions
After each description, the key directs the user to another pair of descriptions or identifies the organism

27. Example Question 8B

28. TEK 7B
Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record

29. Fossils
A fossil is any parts or impressions of an organism that may survive after its death
A fossil record is an orderly array in which fossils appear in the layers, or strata, of sedimentary rocks
There are several methods scientists use to date fossils
One example is Carbon 14 used to date bone, shell, and charcoal

30. Gradual vs. Rapid Change
Gradualism-the theory that evolution occurs gradually over time
Fits Darwin’s theory of evolution
Supported by fossil records
Punctuated Equilibrium-the theory that species stay the same for long periods of time and then have short bursts of evolution that produce new species rapidly
Also supported by fossil records

31. Gradual vs. Rapid Change
Gradualism
Punctuated Equilibrium

32. TEK 7C
Analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals

33. Principles of Natural Selection
Natural Selection is the “mechanism” that leads to adaptations in a population(or individual)
The principles of Natural Selection are:
1. overproduction-species produce more young than will survive to reproductive age
2. variation: individuals vary from one another in characteristics. Some variations are better suited
for the environment or conditions of the time

34. Principles of Natural Selection
3. selection- a trait may be “selected” if it helps a species survive. Selection leads to adaptation.
Aka survival of the fittest

35. TEK 7D
Analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources result in differential reproductive success

36. Summary of Natural Selection
Natural Selection will operate among any entities that reproduce and show inheritance of characteristics
It may be directional, stabilizing or disruptive
Directional: natural selection favors smaller individuals
Stabilizing: natural selection favors the middle individuals
Disruptive: natural selection favors the extremes
Variation that is created by genetic recombination and mutation is accidental, and adaptively random in direction

37. TEK 7G
Analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning the complexity of the cell

38. Endosymbiosis
Evolution of eukaryotes

39. Endosymbiosis Evidence Structural Genetic Functional
Mitochondria & chloroplast resemble bacterial structure
Genetic
Mitochondria & chloroplast have their own circular DNA, like bacteria
Functional
Mitochondria & chloroplast move freely within the cell
Mitochondria & chloroplast reproduce independently from the cell

40. TEK 8A
Define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community

41. K P COF G S Taxonomy Kingdom King Phylum Phillip Class Came Over Order
The classification of organisms in a hierarchical system based on shared characteristics or on phylogenetic relationships
Kingdom K P
COF G S
King
Phylum
Phillip
Class
Came
Over
Order
Family
For
Good
Genus
Spaghetti
Species

42. Who is this? Common Names: Cougar Mountain lion And Puma
Scientific Name: Puma concolor

43. Binomial Nomenclature
“2 name system”
Consists of the Genus and species of the organism
Puma concolor
Benefits:
Latin roots (scientists from other countries can recognize)
Avoid confusion of common names(cougar/mountain lion)
Shows relationships and classification

44. TEK 8C
Compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants and animals

45. The 6 kingdoms Kingdom Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae
Cell Type
Number of Cells
Nutrition
Archaea
Bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia