1. BIOLOGY 3404F EVOLUTION OF PLANTS Fall 2008 Lecture 19 Thursday November 27, 2008 Selected Eudicots

2. Angiosperms Judd et al. 2002. Plant Systematics, a phylogenetic approach. Approx. 380 families, 250,000 species Ceratophyllum

3. Eudicots From Judd & Olmstead 2004

5. Ranunculaceae: early eudicots Multiple floral parts (numerous stamens and separate carpels) Left to right, Ranunculus, Hepatica, Clematis

6. Fagales: oaks, birches, hazels Ectomycorrhizae! The inflorescences of Fagaceae (beeches and oaks, left) and Betulaceae (birches, hazels and alders, right) are catkins

7. Cactaceae: primitive flowers, highly advanced vegetative parts http://www.soul.org/BHC%20Gallery%20all%20files/Cactus-flower.jpg

9. Asteraceae: highly evolved flowers and inflorescences The Asteraceae is rich in genera (1300+) and species (21,000+), most living in sunny, warm, and often dry environments. Most are herbaceous, but some are trees!

12. The “flowers” of dandelions are inflorescences, called “heads”

13. The fruits of dandelions are carried aloft by plume-like modified calyx

14. Tendrils, in grape (Vitaceae): modified leaves or stems

15. Cactaceae: leaves modified as spines and stem as water reservoir

16. Thistle (Asteraceae) spines are modified leaves

17. Spines in hawthorns (Crataegus, Rosaceae) are modified branches

18. Tubers, as in potato (Solanaceae), are modified underground stems

19. Dwarf mistletoe, a parasitic plant; this is a “hemiparasite” because …

20. This indian pipe is a holoparasite, on an ectomycorrhizal fungus

21. Leaves of three, let them be … urushiol in poison ivy causes severe histamine reactions (itching rashes and welts) in sensitive persons

22. Other secondary compounds, such as mescaline, are psychoactive

23. Cannabis sativa is used both for hemp fibre and cannabinols

24. Quinine, an antimalarial drug, comes from Chinchona (Rubiaceae)

25. Cocaine comes from the coca plant (Erythroxylum)

26. The heart drug digitoxin comes from the garden foxglove, Digitalis

27. Many eudicots are important forest trees. Aspens (Populus), seen here, are used for pulp, chipboard and chopsticks. All of our important hardwoods are eudicots (e.g., maple, oak, birch, elm, …) or basal angiosperms (e.g., Liriodendron of the Magnoliaceae, important in the SE U.S.)

28. Some important eudicot crops Peas, beans, soybeans, alfalfa, peanuts (Fabaceae) Cabbage, broccoli, canola, mustard, turnip, radish (Brassicaceae), beets (Chenopodiaceae) Tomatoes, potatoes, eggplant, peppers (Solanaceae), olives (Oleaceae) Apple, pear, cherry, plum, strawberry, almond (Rosaceae), citrus (Rutaceae), grapes (Vitaceae) Cotton (Malvaceae), hemp (Moraceae) Coffee (Rubiaceae), tea (Theaceae) Lettuce, artichoke, sunflower (Asteracae)

29. Rice (a monocot in Poaceae) is the world’s most important, and perhaps the oldest crop

30. Peas (Pisum sativum in Fabaceae) were also a very early crop, grown 6,000 BC in Tigris-Euphrates valley (Persia - modern Iraq)

31. Cabbages (Brassicceae): the one in the centre has “bolted” - flowered

32. Cotton (Malvaceae)

33. Four families of root crops in Peru: potatoes (Solanaceae), añu (Tropaeolum, nasturtium family) and ullucu (Basellaceae); not shown is oca (Oxalis tuberosum, Oxalidaceae)

38. Rosaceae: the ovary is inferior, or below the calyx and corolla

39. The inferior ovary turns into the familiar rose fruits (including apples)

40. Vitis (Vitaceae), source of..

41. Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae) is cauliflorous, and source of …

42. Coffea arabicum (Rubiaceae): where is it native to?

43. The sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, Chenopodiaceae) is a northern crop

44. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodiaceae) may become an important crop outside of the alpine tropics, but could also become a major invasive weed

45. Manioc (also known as cassava or yuca; Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae), like many members of its family, contains poisonous latex (milk), but is an important tropical crop

46. Importance Economic: HUGE! List some of the major eudicot crops. What other products, other than food, do we obtain from eudicots? Ecological: HUGE! Eudicot trees form the dominant vegetation over large areas, particularly in the tropics. Evolutionary: Hugely successful (>175k species); tremendous diversity and huge impact on evolution of other groups organisms, from microbes to vertebrates; coevolution with pollinators and herbivores; complete genomes known for two model genetics systems: Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) and Lotus (Fabaceae).