1. Emergency/Disaster Preparedness Essentials of Search & Rescue George E. Hunter Disaster Preparedness Coordinator

2. MODULE 3 SEARCH & RESCUE

3. SEARCH and RESCUE Effective Size-Up Damage Assessment Search & Rescue Basics Rescuer/Victim Safety Lifts, Drags, and Carries

4. SEARCH and RESCUE Effective Size-Up Damage Assessment Search & Rescue Basics Rescuer/Victim Safety Lifts, Drags, and Carries

5. GUIDING PRINCIPLES of DISASTER RESPONSE Personal Safety is the top priority Depends on Personnel available. Tools and equipment available. Always use the “buddy” system; never work alone. Credo of Disaster Responders: Do the most good for the greatest number of people.

6. Effective Size-Up Gather/Consider Facts Time of day, day of week, type of structure, weather conditions, known hazards Assess Damage Light Damage Moderate Damage Heavy Damage

7. Post-Quake Action Steps After evacuation and while EOC is being set up and roll is being taken at Assembly Area: Site Assessment Team (or Person) Performs Initial “Dashboard” Inspection of entire site: Walk exterior of buildings - roughly estimating condition of buildings (Light to moderate damage) Extinguish any small fires (smaller than a person) Leaking gas or water mains? – Shut off valves Use yellow “Caution” tape to cordon off hazards Important!!!! Check Perimeter Fence for Fallen Wires Treat fence as “Live” unless otherwise known

8. Initial Action Steps (Cont.) After student roll is taken and status of missing/injured is known: Operations Chief forms S&R Teams, assigns call signs and search areas: Search areas where injured or missing are known or suspected to be located FIRST Search remainder of campus in orderly fashion or pattern, unless all missing/injured accounted for… Search & Rescue is an inherently hazardous activity – do not commence/continue unless necessary

9. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT Light Damage Superficial and/or cosmetic in nature Spider web cracks to walls or ceilings Fallen plaster Most of the damage is to contents (i.e., non-structural).

10. Light Damage

11. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT Moderate Damage Moderate Damage Wall fractures greater than ¼ inch in width Wall fractures greater than ¼ inch in width Structural stability of building is questionable Structural stability of building is questionable Evidence of foundation movement/displacement Evidence of foundation movement/displacement Building could be tilting, but still on foundation Building could be tilting, but still on foundation Analyze your risk of injury before entering before entering

12. Moderate Damage

13. Damage Assessment Heavy Damage Heavy Damage Partial or total wall collapse Partial or total wall collapse Ceiling failure Ceiling failure Obvious structural instability Obvious structural instability Building is no longer on foundation Building is no longer on foundation Heavy smoke or fire Heavy smoke or fire No entry should be made under any circumstances! Leave to trained USAR Teams No entry should be made under any circumstances! Leave to trained USAR Teams

14. Heavy Damage

15. Size Up - Review Gather Facts. Gather Facts. Assess Damage. Assess Damage. Consider Probabilities. Consider Probabilities. Assess Your Situation. Assess Your Situation. Establish Priorities. Establish Priorities. Make Decisions. Make Decisions. Develop Plan of Action. Develop Plan of Action. Take Action. Take Action. Evaluate Progress. Evaluate Progress.

16. Safety Rescuer safety is your PRIMARY concern. Rescuer safety is your PRIMARY concern. Consider probabilities, then possibilities; Consider probabilities, then possibilities; Continue to assess your situation on an ongoing basis Continue to assess your situation on an ongoing basis Always use a “buddy system” – 2-3 per team Always use a “buddy system” – 2-3 per team Look for hazards (holes, wires, hanging debris) Look for hazards (holes, wires, hanging debris) Use Personal Protective Equipment at all times Use Personal Protective Equipment at all times Rotate S & R teams frequently Rotate S & R teams frequently

17. Search & Rescue – Basics Draw PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) from Logistics Chief. Equipment should consist of: Hard Hat Hard Hat Goggles Goggles Reflective Vest Reflective Vest Leather Gloves Leather Gloves Face Mask (N95 is better) Face Mask (N95 is better) Flashlight with fresh batteries Flashlight with fresh batteries Keys (on lanyard) Keys (on lanyard) Two-Way Radio Two-Way Radio Clip Board with Map of Site, Search Plan, & Pens/Pencils Clip Board with Map of Site, Search Plan, & Pens/Pencils Chalk/Grease Pen Marker Chalk/Grease Pen Marker Light Sticks Light Sticks Whistle w/ lanyard Whistle w/ lanyard Backpack with Medical Supplies or Tools Backpack with Medical Supplies or Tools

18. Search & Rescue Chain of Command

19. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Start-up Actions: Obtain all necessary equipment from Disaster Bin or from Logistics (See list below) Obtain briefing from Operations Chief, noting known fires, hazards, injuries, or other situations requiring response. Obtain briefing from Operations Chief, noting known fires, hazards, injuries, or other situations requiring response. Assign teams based on available manpower, minimum 2 persons per team (Preferably 3). Assign teams based on available manpower, minimum 2 persons per team (Preferably 3).

20. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Operational Duties: Perform visual check of S&R teams leaving CP; include radio check. Operational Duties: Perform visual check of S&R teams leaving CP; include radio check. Teams must wear sturdy shoes and safety equipment. Teams must wear sturdy shoes and safety equipment. Record names and assignments of team members before deploying teams. Record names and assignments of team members before deploying teams. Dispatch teams to known hazards or situations first, then search the remaining campus using specific, planned routes. Send a specific map assignment with each team. Dispatch teams to known hazards or situations first, then search the remaining campus using specific, planned routes. Send a specific map assignment with each team.

21. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Team Leader remains at Command Post (CP) in radio contact with S&R Teams. Team Leader remains at Command Post (CP) in radio contact with S&R Teams. Record all teams’ progress and reports on site map, keeping others at CP informed of Record all teams’ progress and reports on site map, keeping others at CP informed of problems. When a room is reported clear, mark a “C” on the map. If injured students are located, consult Ops Chief for response. Utilize Transport team, or send First Aid Team (depending on injury) If injured students are located, consult Ops Chief for response. Utilize Transport team, or send First Aid Team (depending on injury)

22. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Record exact location of damage and track triage tally on map (i.e., I=immediate, D=delayed, D=dead). Record exact location of damage and track triage tally on map (i.e., I=immediate, D=delayed, D=dead). Keep radio communications brief and simple. No codes – use common terminology. Keep radio communications brief and simple. No codes – use common terminology.

23. Search & Rescue Team (Operations) Safety Rules: Buddy system: Minimum of 2-3 persons per team. Safety Rules: Buddy system: Minimum of 2-3 persons per team. Take no action that might endanger you. Rescuers are of no use to victims if they become injured themselves. Take no action that might endanger you. Rescuers are of no use to victims if they become injured themselves. Do not work beyond your expertise or ability. Do not work beyond your expertise or ability. Use appropriate safety/PPE gear at all times. Use appropriate safety/PPE gear at all times. Size up the situation first. Size up the situation first. Follow all operational and safety procedures. Follow all operational and safety procedures.

24. SEARCH METHODS Determine your search method, based on initial size-up before commencing search. Determine your search method, based on initial size-up before commencing search. Locate potential victims by starting where known victims are or are likely to be found Locate potential victims by starting where known victims are or are likely to be found Call out to victims: Call out to victims: “If you can hear me, walk toward the sound of my voice now!” “If you can hear me, walk toward the sound of my voice now!” Stop frequently to LISTEN for responses/cries Stop frequently to LISTEN for responses/cries Use a systematic search pattern Use a systematic search pattern Concept of “Triangulation” Concept of “Triangulation”

25. Triangulation When searching larger rooms or areas, it may be difficult to locate victims based on cries for help When searching larger rooms or areas, it may be difficult to locate victims based on cries for help Search team members shine their flash- lights toward sounds Search team members shine their flash- lights toward sounds Victim should be located near to where light beams intersect Victim should be located near to where light beams intersect

26. TRIANGULATION

27. Systematic Search Before team enters room, radio position to Search Team Leader Before team enters room, radio position to Search Team Leader Leave one member outside of room Leave one member outside of room Mark door or wall with diagonal line/info Mark door or wall with diagonal line/info When searching room, try to maintain contact with wall and one hand When searching room, try to maintain contact with wall and one hand Search each room thoroughly and carefully, victims may be hiding or trapped Search each room thoroughly and carefully, victims may be hiding or trapped When exiting room, complete “X” & move on When exiting room, complete “X” & move on

28. SYSTEMATIC SEARCH PATTERN

29. CONDUCTING SEARCH OPERATIONS “ VOIDS” -Areas of Entrapment or Shelter- Look for Individual Voids Look for Individual Voids Under a desk or chairs. Under a desk or chairs. In a cabinet or cupboard. In a cabinet or cupboard. Behind or beneath debris Behind or beneath debris Remember that victims may be unable to respond or may be too frightened to move Remember that victims may be unable to respond or may be too frightened to move

30. SEARCH MARKINGS One slash on door indicates someone is inside currently searching the room or building. If left incomplete, it means they are still in there! Note initials of searchers (or Team #). Note the time searchers or team entered.

31. SEARCH MARKINGS 7:31 am Gas off Blue 0 Completed “X” with necessary information recorded. Only complete upon exiting!

32. Search Markings (Continued) Use Commonly Understood Terminology Use Commonly Understood Terminology Before Going In, Fill In: Before Going In, Fill In: Top Quadrant – Time/Date Searched Top Quadrant – Time/Date Searched Left Quadrant – Team Name(s) Left Quadrant – Team Name(s) After Completing Search, Fill In: After Completing Search, Fill In: Right Quadrant – Hazards Found in Room Right Quadrant – Hazards Found in Room Bottom Quadrant - Number of Dead, Injured or Trapped Victims Still Inside Bottom Quadrant - Number of Dead, Injured or Trapped Victims Still Inside E.G.: 2 – Alive E.G.: 2 – Alive 1 – Dead (Use “0” if no victims are left in room/structure)

33. SEARCH MARKINGS

35. Decision to Attempt Rescue Is it safe to proceed/continue operations? Is it safe to proceed/continue operations? What are the risks involved to the rescuer? What are the risks involved to the rescuer? Are those risks acceptable? Are those risks acceptable? What is likelihood that situation/environment will deteriorate during rescue operation? What is likelihood that situation/environment will deteriorate during rescue operation? Are you doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people? Are you doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people?

36. MINIMIZING RISK Know your limitations……be realistic Know your limitations……be realistic Follow established safety procedures Follow established safety procedures Remove debris by leveraging or cribbing only – reduce you likelihood of injury Remove debris by leveraging or cribbing only – reduce you likelihood of injury

37. WHEN CONDUCTING RESCUE OPERATIONS…. Create a safe rescue environment Create a safe rescue environment Lift objects out of the way while moving forward Lift objects out of the way while moving forward Use tools to move objects, when possible Use tools to move objects, when possible Carefully remove debris to reduce further injury Carefully remove debris to reduce further injury Triage/stabilize victims (in place, if necessary) Triage/stabilize victims (in place, if necessary) Remove victims Remove victims

38. REMOVING VICTIMS Self-removal or assisted-removal are best (with least chance of further injury) Self-removal or assisted-removal are best (with least chance of further injury) Always allow victims to extricate themselves whenever possible. Always allow victims to extricate themselves whenever possible. Lifts, Drags, and Carries Lifts, Drags, and Carries Consider nature of victim’s injuries in choosing appropriate technique Consider nature of victim’s injuries in choosing appropriate technique Consider state of victim’s consciousness Consider state of victim’s consciousness Use proper technique to avoid back injuries Use proper technique to avoid back injuries

39. CHOOSING EXTRICATION METHOD Depends upon: Depends upon: General stability of immediate environment General stability of immediate environment Number of rescuers that are available Number of rescuers that are available Strength and abilities of rescuers Strength and abilities of rescuers Condition of the victim Condition of the victim Likelihood of further harm/injury to victim Likelihood of further harm/injury to victim Chances that the situation will worsen Chances that the situation will worsen

40. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Walking Assist (Crutch)

41. WALKING ASSIST (CRUTCH) Use when victim is ambulatory, lightly injured, or disoriented Use when victim is ambulatory, lightly injured, or disoriented Place victim’s arm (closest to you) around neck and hold wrist with opposite hand Place victim’s arm (closest to you) around neck and hold wrist with opposite hand Place arm closest to victim around their waist Place arm closest to victim around their waist Guide victim to safety Guide victim to safety

42. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

43. One Person (Honeymoon) Carry Only works with a child or a very light adult Only works with a child or a very light adult Rescuer crouches down on one knee, places one arm under victim’s knees and the other arm around their back Rescuer crouches down on one knee, places one arm under victim’s knees and the other arm around their back Rescuer stands back up, being careful to keep the back straight and aligned over their hips, using legs instead of back to lift Rescuer stands back up, being careful to keep the back straight and aligned over their hips, using legs instead of back to lift

44. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

45. One Person Pack-Strap Carry Better than the “One Person Carry” when carrying victim longer distances. Better than the “One Person Carry” when carrying victim longer distances. Crouch down and place both victims arms over your shoulders Crouch down and place both victims arms over your shoulders Cross victim’s arms, grasping the victim’s opposite wrists with victim’s palms down Cross victim’s arms, grasping the victim’s opposite wrists with victim’s palms down Pull arms close to chest Pull arms close to chest Drive your hips backward into the victim while bending slightly at the waist Drive your hips backward into the victim while bending slightly at the waist Balance the load on your hips Balance the load on your hips

46. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Fireman’s Carry

47. FIREMAN’S CARRY Better than other “one person” carries when one arm needs to be free; Better than other “one person” carries when one arm needs to be free; Facing head of victim, rescuer crouches down and slips arms under victim’s shoulders; Facing head of victim, rescuer crouches down and slips arms under victim’s shoulders; Assist victim into semi-standing position, pulling victim’s arm closest to you around neck; Assist victim into semi-standing position, pulling victim’s arm closest to you around neck; Put other arm through victim’s legs, drive hips under victim and balance victim’s torso on upper back; stand up Put other arm through victim’s legs, drive hips under victim and balance victim’s torso on upper back; stand up Hold victim’s wrist with opposite hand (arm that is through victim’s legs) Hold victim’s wrist with opposite hand (arm that is through victim’s legs)

48. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Fireman’s Crawl

49. FIREMAN’S CRAWL If victim is unconscious, use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc to tie the casualty's wrists together. If victim is unconscious, use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc to tie the casualty's wrists together. Knee over victim; Knee over victim; Place loop formed by hands/arms over rescuer’s head and around neck; Place loop formed by hands/arms over rescuer’s head and around neck; Crawl forward. Crawl forward. This technique can be used to move a person much heavier victim. This technique can be used to move a person much heavier victim. Very useful technique in smoky areas Very useful technique in smoky areas

50. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Piggyback Carry

51. PIGGY-BACK CARRY Lift the casualty from a standing or sitting position onto your back by grasping legs. Lift the casualty from a standing or sitting position onto your back by grasping legs. Victim holds on by putting arms around rescuer’s shoulders Victim holds on by putting arms around rescuer’s shoulders Don't use if the casualty is unconscious or has arm injuries. Don't use if the casualty is unconscious or has arm injuries.

52. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Two-Hand Carry

53. TWO-HAND CARRY A way to carry a conscious casualty who can’t walk or support their upper body. A way to carry a conscious casualty who can’t walk or support their upper body. Make a hook with your fingers by folding them towards your palm Make a hook with your fingers by folding them towards your palm Grab onto your partner's "hook". Grab onto your partner's "hook". If you don't have any gloves, use a piece of cloth to protect your hand from the other rescuer's nails. If you don't have any gloves, use a piece of cloth to protect your hand from the other rescuer's nails. This is another good reason to wear gloves! This is another good reason to wear gloves!

54. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Four-Hand Carry

55. FOUR-HAND CARRY Both rescuers grasp the top of their left wrist with their right hand. Both rescuers grasp the top of their left wrist with their right hand. Both rescuers then grasp each other’s right wrist with their left hand Both rescuers then grasp each other’s right wrist with their left hand Have victim sit on hands and place their arms around necks of rescuers Have victim sit on hands and place their arms around necks of rescuers This carry is a good carry for a conscious casualty who can use hands and arms for support, but can’t walk. This carry is a good carry for a conscious casualty who can use hands and arms for support, but can’t walk.

56. LIFTS, DRAGS AND CARRIES

57. Two-Person Carry Have victim cross their arms in front of chest Have victim cross their arms in front of chest Rescuer at head crouches behind victim, inserts arms through armpits, and grasps forearms of victim (do not hold onto chest) Rescuer at head crouches behind victim, inserts arms through armpits, and grasps forearms of victim (do not hold onto chest) 2 nd Rescuer stands between victim’s legs and grasps legs behind/above knees 2 nd Rescuer stands between victim’s legs and grasps legs behind/above knees If short distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim If short distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim If longer distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces away from victim If longer distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces away from victim

58. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

59. CHAIR CARRY The Chair Carry can be used for a conscious or unconscious casualty, but not for someone with suspected head/spinal injuries. The Chair Carry can be used for a conscious or unconscious casualty, but not for someone with suspected head/spinal injuries. For their protection, secure the casualty's hands across his or her chest For their protection, secure the casualty's hands across his or her chest If the casualty is unconscious, secure the victim to the chair If the casualty is unconscious, secure the victim to the chair Do not try with swivel chairs! Do not try with swivel chairs!

60. Chair Carry (Cont.) Pick or help victim up and place them or sit them in the chair Pick or help victim up and place them or sit them in the chair Rescuer (head) grasps back of chair at sides Rescuer (head) grasps back of chair at sides Rescuer (head) tilts chair back onto rear legs Rescuer (head) tilts chair back onto rear legs For short distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim and grabs front chair legs For short distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim and grabs front chair legs For long distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces away For long distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces away Rescuers stand, keeping back straight & using legs to lift Rescuers stand, keeping back straight & using legs to lift

61. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

62. Shoulder or Ankle Drag Grasp victim by clothing under shoulders Grasp victim by clothing under shoulders Keep your arms on both sides of head, supporting head Keep your arms on both sides of head, supporting head Lean back, pulling with legs, not your back Lean back, pulling with legs, not your back Be careful not to choke victim with clothing Be careful not to choke victim with clothingor Grasp victim by ankles or pants cuffs Grasp victim by ankles or pants cuffs Pull with legs, not back Pull with legs, not back Only use when dragging on smooth surfaces! Only use when dragging on smooth surfaces!

63. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

64. Blanket Drag Roll victim onto blanket, using three persons or log-roll technique (keeping back straight and spine aligned) Roll victim onto blanket, using three persons or log-roll technique (keeping back straight and spine aligned) Align victim on blanket with victim’s head about 2 feet from one corner Align victim on blanket with victim’s head about 2 feet from one corner Wrap blanket corners around victim Wrap blanket corners around victim Gather up part of blanket nearest head and keep your back straight and use legs to pull Gather up part of blanket nearest head and keep your back straight and use legs to pull

65. In Conclusion…. Threat of disasters are a part of everyday life in Southern California Threat of disasters are a part of everyday life in Southern California Failing to prepare is preparing to fail… Failing to prepare is preparing to fail… Your students, family and neighbors may have to depend on you to do the right thing in an emergency or disaster Your students, family and neighbors may have to depend on you to do the right thing in an emergency or disaster In a major disaster, you are likely to be a “first responder” In a major disaster, you are likely to be a “first responder”

66. Commitment - Commitment - An Agreement to do Something in the Future Next Steps: 1. Create an Emergency Plan for your home. 2. Set-up an Out-of-State Contact – Share. 3. Assemble an Emergency Kit for home and car. 4. Familiarize yourself with the Site Safety Plan. 5. Know the location of the Assembly Area and Disaster Supplies. 6. Discuss and run practice drills with children to reduce fear & anxiety.

67. GUIDING PRINCIPLES of DISASTER RESPONSE Personal Safety is the top priority Depends on Personnel available. Tools and equipment available. Always use the “buddy” system; never work alone. Credo of Disaster Responders: Do the most good for the greatest number of people.

68. Effective Size-Up Gather/Consider Facts Time of day, day of week, type of structure, weather conditions, known hazards Assess Damage Light Damage Moderate Damage Heavy Damage

69. Effective Size-Up (Cont) Consider Probabilities What more is likely to happen? Assess Your Situation Personnel Tools and Equipment Establish Priorities What needs to be done? In what order?

70. Post-Quake Action Steps After evacuation and while EOC is being set up and roll is being taken at Assembly Area: Site Assessment Team (or Person) Performs Initial “Dashboard” Inspection of entire site: Walk exterior of buildings - roughly estimating condition of buildings (Light to moderate damage) Extinguish any small fires (smaller than a person) Leaking gas or water mains? – Shut off valves Use yellow “Caution” tape to cordon off hazards Important!!!! Check Perimeter Fence for Fallen Wires Treat fence as “Live” unless otherwise known

71. Initial Action Steps (Cont.) After student roll is taken and status of missing/injured is known: Operations Chief forms S&R Teams, assigns call signs and search areas: Search areas where injured or missing are known or suspected to be located FIRST Search remainder of campus in orderly fashion or pattern, unless all missing/injured accounted for… Search & Rescue is an inherently hazardous activity – do not commence/continue unless necessary

72. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT Light Damage Superficial and/or cosmetic in nature Spider web cracks to walls or ceilings Fallen plaster Most of the damage is to contents (i.e., non-structural).

73. Light Damage

74. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT Moderate Damage Moderate Damage Wall fractures greater than ¼ inch in width Wall fractures greater than ¼ inch in width Structural stability of building is questionable Structural stability of building is questionable Evidence of foundation movement/displacement Evidence of foundation movement/displacement Building could be tilting, but still on foundation Building could be tilting, but still on foundation Analyze your risk of injury before entering before entering

75. Moderate Damage

76. Damage Assessment Heavy Damage Heavy Damage Partial or total wall collapse Partial or total wall collapse Ceiling failure Ceiling failure Obvious structural instability Obvious structural instability Building is no longer on foundation Building is no longer on foundation Heavy smoke or fire Heavy smoke or fire No entry should be made under any circumstances! Leave to trained USAR Teams No entry should be made under any circumstances! Leave to trained USAR Teams

77. Heavy Damage

78. Size Up - Review Gather Facts. Gather Facts. Assess Damage. Assess Damage. Consider Probabilities. Consider Probabilities. Assess Your Situation. Assess Your Situation. Establish Priorities. Establish Priorities. Make Decisions. Make Decisions. Develop Plan of Action. Develop Plan of Action. Take Action. Take Action. Evaluate Progress. Evaluate Progress.

79. Safety Rescuer safety is your PRIMARY concern. Rescuer safety is your PRIMARY concern. Consider probabilities, then possibilities; Consider probabilities, then possibilities; Continue to assess your situation on an ongoing basis Continue to assess your situation on an ongoing basis Always use a “buddy system” – 2-3 per team Always use a “buddy system” – 2-3 per team Look for hazards (holes, wires, hanging debris) Look for hazards (holes, wires, hanging debris) Use Personal Protective Equipment at all times Use Personal Protective Equipment at all times Rotate S & R teams frequently Rotate S & R teams frequently

80. Search & Rescue – Basics Draw PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) from Logistics Chief. Equipment should consist of: Hard Hat Hard Hat Goggles Goggles Reflective Vest Reflective Vest Leather Gloves Leather Gloves Face Mask (N95 is better) Face Mask (N95 is better) Flashlight with fresh batteries Flashlight with fresh batteries Keys (on lanyard) Keys (on lanyard) Two-Way Radio Two-Way Radio Clip Board with Map of Site, Search Plan, & Pens/Pencils Clip Board with Map of Site, Search Plan, & Pens/Pencils Chalk/Grease Pen Marker Chalk/Grease Pen Marker Light Sticks Light Sticks Whistle w/ lanyard Whistle w/ lanyard Backpack with Medical Supplies or Tools Backpack with Medical Supplies or Tools

81. Search & Rescue Chain of Command

82. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Start-up Actions: Obtain all necessary equipment from Disaster Bin or from Logistics (See list below) Obtain briefing from Operations Chief, noting known fires, hazards, injuries, or other situations requiring response. Obtain briefing from Operations Chief, noting known fires, hazards, injuries, or other situations requiring response. Assign teams based on available manpower, minimum 2 persons per team (Preferably 3). Assign teams based on available manpower, minimum 2 persons per team (Preferably 3).

83. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Operational Duties: Perform visual check of S&R teams leaving CP; include radio check. Operational Duties: Perform visual check of S&R teams leaving CP; include radio check. Teams must wear sturdy shoes and safety equipment. Teams must wear sturdy shoes and safety equipment. Record names and assignments of team members before deploying teams. Record names and assignments of team members before deploying teams. Dispatch teams to known hazards or situations first, then search the remaining campus using specific, planned routes. Send a specific map assignment with each team. Dispatch teams to known hazards or situations first, then search the remaining campus using specific, planned routes. Send a specific map assignment with each team.

84. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Team Leader remains at Command Post (CP) in radio contact with S&R Teams. Team Leader remains at Command Post (CP) in radio contact with S&R Teams. Record all teams’ progress and reports on site map, keeping others at CP informed of Record all teams’ progress and reports on site map, keeping others at CP informed of problems. When a room is reported clear, mark a “C” on the map. If injured students are located, consult Ops Chief for response. Utilize Transport team, or send First Aid Team (depending on injury) If injured students are located, consult Ops Chief for response. Utilize Transport team, or send First Aid Team (depending on injury)

85. Search & Rescue Team Leader (Operations) Record exact location of damage and track triage tally on map (i.e., I=immediate, D=delayed, D=dead). Record exact location of damage and track triage tally on map (i.e., I=immediate, D=delayed, D=dead). Keep radio communications brief and simple. No codes – use common terminology. Keep radio communications brief and simple. No codes – use common terminology.

86. Search & Rescue Team (Operations) Safety Rules: Buddy system: Minimum of 2-3 persons per team. Safety Rules: Buddy system: Minimum of 2-3 persons per team. Take no action that might endanger you. Rescuers are of no use to victims if they become injured themselves. Take no action that might endanger you. Rescuers are of no use to victims if they become injured themselves. Do not work beyond your expertise or ability. Do not work beyond your expertise or ability. Use appropriate safety/PPE gear at all times. Use appropriate safety/PPE gear at all times. Size up the situation first. Size up the situation first. Follow all operational and safety procedures. Follow all operational and safety procedures.

87. SEARCH METHODS Determine your search method, based on initial size-up before commencing search. Determine your search method, based on initial size-up before commencing search. Locate potential victims by starting where known victims are or are likely to be found Locate potential victims by starting where known victims are or are likely to be found Call out to victims: Call out to victims: “If you can hear me, walk toward the sound of my voice now!” “If you can hear me, walk toward the sound of my voice now!” Stop frequently to LISTEN for responses/cries Stop frequently to LISTEN for responses/cries Use a systematic search pattern Use a systematic search pattern Concept of “Triangulation” Concept of “Triangulation”

88. Triangulation When searching larger rooms or areas, it may be difficult to locate victims based on cries for help When searching larger rooms or areas, it may be difficult to locate victims based on cries for help Search team members shine their flash- lights toward sounds Search team members shine their flash- lights toward sounds Victim should be located near to where light beams intersect Victim should be located near to where light beams intersect

89. TRIANGULATION

90. Systematic Search Before team enters room, radio position to Search Team Leader Before team enters room, radio position to Search Team Leader Leave one member outside of room Leave one member outside of room Mark door or wall with diagonal line/info Mark door or wall with diagonal line/info When searching room, try to maintain contact with wall and one hand When searching room, try to maintain contact with wall and one hand Search each room thoroughly and carefully, victims may be hiding or trapped Search each room thoroughly and carefully, victims may be hiding or trapped When exiting room, complete “X” & move on When exiting room, complete “X” & move on

91. SYSTEMATIC SEARCH PATTERN

92. CONDUCTING SEARCH OPERATIONS “ VOIDS” -Areas of Entrapment or Shelter- Look for Individual Voids Look for Individual Voids Under a desk or chairs. Under a desk or chairs. In a cabinet or cupboard. In a cabinet or cupboard. Behind or beneath debris Behind or beneath debris Remember that victims may be unable to respond or may be too frightened to move Remember that victims may be unable to respond or may be too frightened to move

93. SEARCH MARKINGS One slash on door indicates someone is inside currently searching the room or building. If left incomplete, it means they are still in there! Note initials of searchers (or Team #). Note the time searchers or team entered.

94. SEARCH MARKINGS 7:31 am Gas off Blue 0 Completed “X” with necessary information recorded. Only complete upon exiting!

95. Search Markings (Continued) Use Commonly Understood Terminology Use Commonly Understood Terminology Before Going In, Fill In: Before Going In, Fill In: Top Quadrant – Time/Date Searched Top Quadrant – Time/Date Searched Left Quadrant – Team Name(s) Left Quadrant – Team Name(s) After Completing Search, Fill In: After Completing Search, Fill In: Right Quadrant – Hazards Found in Room Right Quadrant – Hazards Found in Room Bottom Quadrant - Number of Dead, Injured or Trapped Victims Still Inside Bottom Quadrant - Number of Dead, Injured or Trapped Victims Still Inside E.G.: 2 – Alive E.G.: 2 – Alive 1 – Dead (Use “0” if no victims are left in room/structure)

96. SEARCH MARKINGS

98. Decision to Attempt Rescue Is it safe to proceed/continue operations? Is it safe to proceed/continue operations? What are the risks involved to the rescuer? What are the risks involved to the rescuer? Are those risks acceptable? Are those risks acceptable? What is likelihood that situation/environment will deteriorate during rescue operation? What is likelihood that situation/environment will deteriorate during rescue operation? Are you doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people? Are you doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people?

99. MINIMIZING RISK Know your limitations……be realistic Know your limitations……be realistic Follow established safety procedures Follow established safety procedures Remove debris by leveraging or cribbing only – reduce you likelihood of injury Remove debris by leveraging or cribbing only – reduce you likelihood of injury

100. WHEN CONDUCTING RESCUE OPERATIONS…. Create a safe rescue environment Create a safe rescue environment Lift objects out of the way while moving forward Lift objects out of the way while moving forward Use tools to move objects, when possible Use tools to move objects, when possible Carefully remove debris to reduce further injury Carefully remove debris to reduce further injury Triage/stabilize victims (in place, if necessary) Triage/stabilize victims (in place, if necessary) Remove victims Remove victims

101. REMOVING VICTIMS Self-removal or assisted-removal are best (with least chance of further injury) Self-removal or assisted-removal are best (with least chance of further injury) Always allow victims to extricate themselves whenever possible. Always allow victims to extricate themselves whenever possible. Lifts, Drags, and Carries Lifts, Drags, and Carries Consider nature of victim’s injuries in choosing appropriate technique Consider nature of victim’s injuries in choosing appropriate technique Consider state of victim’s consciousness Consider state of victim’s consciousness Use proper technique to avoid back injuries Use proper technique to avoid back injuries

102. CHOOSING EXTRICATION METHOD Depends upon: Depends upon: General stability of immediate environment General stability of immediate environment Number of rescuers that are available Number of rescuers that are available Strength and abilities of rescuers Strength and abilities of rescuers Condition of the victim Condition of the victim Likelihood of further harm/injury to victim Likelihood of further harm/injury to victim Chances that the situation will worsen Chances that the situation will worsen

103. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Walking Assist (Crutch)

104. WALKING ASSIST (CRUTCH) Use when victim is ambulatory, lightly injured, or disoriented Use when victim is ambulatory, lightly injured, or disoriented Place victim’s arm (closest to you) around neck and hold wrist with opposite hand Place victim’s arm (closest to you) around neck and hold wrist with opposite hand Place arm closest to victim around their waist Place arm closest to victim around their waist Guide victim to safety Guide victim to safety

105. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

106. One Person (Honeymoon) Carry Only works with a child or a very light adult Only works with a child or a very light adult Rescuer crouches down on one knee, places one arm under victim’s knees and the other arm around their back Rescuer crouches down on one knee, places one arm under victim’s knees and the other arm around their back Rescuer stands back up, being careful to keep the back straight and aligned over their hips, using legs instead of back to lift Rescuer stands back up, being careful to keep the back straight and aligned over their hips, using legs instead of back to lift

107. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

108. One Person Pack-Strap Carry Better than the “One Person Carry” when carrying victim longer distances. Better than the “One Person Carry” when carrying victim longer distances. Crouch down and place both victims arms over your shoulders Crouch down and place both victims arms over your shoulders Cross victim’s arms, grasping the victim’s opposite wrists with victim’s palms down Cross victim’s arms, grasping the victim’s opposite wrists with victim’s palms down Pull arms close to chest Pull arms close to chest Drive your hips backward into the victim while bending slightly at the waist Drive your hips backward into the victim while bending slightly at the waist Balance the load on your hips Balance the load on your hips

109. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Fireman’s Carry

110. FIREMAN’S CARRY Better than other “one person” carries when one arm needs to be free; Better than other “one person” carries when one arm needs to be free; Facing head of victim, rescuer crouches down and slips arms under victim’s shoulders; Facing head of victim, rescuer crouches down and slips arms under victim’s shoulders; Assist victim into semi-standing position, pulling victim’s arm closest to you around neck; Assist victim into semi-standing position, pulling victim’s arm closest to you around neck; Put other arm through victim’s legs, drive hips under victim and balance victim’s torso on upper back; stand up Put other arm through victim’s legs, drive hips under victim and balance victim’s torso on upper back; stand up Hold victim’s wrist with opposite hand (arm that is through victim’s legs) Hold victim’s wrist with opposite hand (arm that is through victim’s legs)

111. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Fireman’s Crawl

112. FIREMAN’S CRAWL If victim is unconscious, use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc to tie the casualty's wrists together. If victim is unconscious, use a triangular bandage, a torn shirt, etc to tie the casualty's wrists together. Knee over victim; Knee over victim; Place loop formed by hands/arms over rescuer’s head and around neck; Place loop formed by hands/arms over rescuer’s head and around neck; Crawl forward. Crawl forward. This technique can be used to move a person much heavier victim. This technique can be used to move a person much heavier victim. Very useful technique in smoky areas Very useful technique in smoky areas

113. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Piggyback Carry

114. PIGGY-BACK CARRY Lift the casualty from a standing or sitting position onto your back by grasping legs. Lift the casualty from a standing or sitting position onto your back by grasping legs. Victim holds on by putting arms around rescuer’s shoulders Victim holds on by putting arms around rescuer’s shoulders Don't use if the casualty is unconscious or has arm injuries. Don't use if the casualty is unconscious or has arm injuries.

115. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Two-Hand Carry

116. TWO-HAND CARRY A way to carry a conscious casualty who can’t walk or support their upper body. A way to carry a conscious casualty who can’t walk or support their upper body. Make a hook with your fingers by folding them towards your palm Make a hook with your fingers by folding them towards your palm Grab onto your partner's "hook". Grab onto your partner's "hook". If you don't have any gloves, use a piece of cloth to protect your hand from the other rescuer's nails. If you don't have any gloves, use a piece of cloth to protect your hand from the other rescuer's nails. This is another good reason to wear gloves! This is another good reason to wear gloves!

117. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES Four-Hand Carry

118. FOUR-HAND CARRY Both rescuers grasp the top of their left wrist with their right hand. Both rescuers grasp the top of their left wrist with their right hand. Both rescuers then grasp each other’s right wrist with their left hand Both rescuers then grasp each other’s right wrist with their left hand Have victim sit on hands and place their arms around necks of rescuers Have victim sit on hands and place their arms around necks of rescuers This carry is a good carry for a conscious casualty who can use hands and arms for support, but can’t walk. This carry is a good carry for a conscious casualty who can use hands and arms for support, but can’t walk.

119. LIFTS, DRAGS AND CARRIES

120. Two-Person Carry Have victim cross their arms in front of chest Have victim cross their arms in front of chest Rescuer at head crouches behind victim, inserts arms through armpits, and grasps forearms of victim (do not hold onto chest) Rescuer at head crouches behind victim, inserts arms through armpits, and grasps forearms of victim (do not hold onto chest) 2 nd Rescuer stands between victim’s legs and grasps legs behind/above knees 2 nd Rescuer stands between victim’s legs and grasps legs behind/above knees If short distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim If short distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim If longer distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces away from victim If longer distance, 2 nd Rescuer faces away from victim

121. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

122. CHAIR CARRY The Chair Carry can be used for a conscious or unconscious casualty, but not for someone with suspected head/spinal injuries. The Chair Carry can be used for a conscious or unconscious casualty, but not for someone with suspected head/spinal injuries. For their protection, secure the casualty's hands across his or her chest For their protection, secure the casualty's hands across his or her chest If the casualty is unconscious, secure the victim to the chair If the casualty is unconscious, secure the victim to the chair Do not try with swivel chairs! Do not try with swivel chairs!

123. Chair Carry (Cont.) Pick or help victim up and place them or sit them in the chair Pick or help victim up and place them or sit them in the chair Rescuer (head) grasps back of chair at sides Rescuer (head) grasps back of chair at sides Rescuer (head) tilts chair back onto rear legs Rescuer (head) tilts chair back onto rear legs For short distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim and grabs front chair legs For short distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces victim and grabs front chair legs For long distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces away For long distances, 2 nd Rescuer faces away Rescuers stand, keeping back straight & using legs to lift Rescuers stand, keeping back straight & using legs to lift

124. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

125. Shoulder or Ankle Drag Grasp victim by clothing under shoulders Grasp victim by clothing under shoulders Keep your arms on both sides of head, supporting head Keep your arms on both sides of head, supporting head Lean back, pulling with legs, not your back Lean back, pulling with legs, not your back Be careful not to choke victim with clothing Be careful not to choke victim with clothingor Grasp victim by ankles or pants cuffs Grasp victim by ankles or pants cuffs Pull with legs, not back Pull with legs, not back Only use when dragging on smooth surfaces! Only use when dragging on smooth surfaces!

126. LIFTS, DRAGS, AND CARRIES

127. Blanket Drag Roll victim onto blanket, using three persons or log-roll technique (keeping back straight and spine aligned) Roll victim onto blanket, using three persons or log-roll technique (keeping back straight and spine aligned) Align victim on blanket with victim’s head about 2 feet from one corner Align victim on blanket with victim’s head about 2 feet from one corner Wrap blanket corners around victim Wrap blanket corners around victim Gather up part of blanket nearest head and keep your back straight and use legs to pull Gather up part of blanket nearest head and keep your back straight and use legs to pull

128. In Conclusion…. Threat of disasters are a part of everyday life in Southern California Threat of disasters are a part of everyday life in Southern California Failing to prepare is preparing to fail… Failing to prepare is preparing to fail… Your students, family and neighbors may have to depend on you to do the right thing in an emergency or disaster Your students, family and neighbors may have to depend on you to do the right thing in an emergency or disaster In a major disaster, you are likely to be a “first responder” In a major disaster, you are likely to be a “first responder”

129. Commitment - Commitment - An Agreement to do Something in the Future Next Steps: 1. Create an Emergency Plan for your home. 2. Set-up an Out-of-State Contact – Share. 3. Assemble an Emergency Kit for home and car. 4. Familiarize yourself with the Site Safety Plan. 5. Know the location of the Assembly Area and Disaster Supplies. 6. Discuss and run practice drills with children to reduce fear & anxiety.