1. Megan Sparks Bevon Flansburg Steph Hyde Annie Brandjord Cristen McLean

2. H H H H H CC H O H C O (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethanol-3D-vdW.png) I’m cute!

3. E10: 10% ethanol 90% gasoline. E85: 85% ethanol 15% gasoline. E85 can be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). (http://www.ethanol.org)

4. “Ethanol” generally means grain alcohol. Sources: corn (primary source in U.S.) other grains potatoes sugarcane (e.g. Brazil) (http://www.ethanol.org)

5. Cellulosic ethanol is made from cellulose (surprise!) Cellulose provides structure to plants. Sources: corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, sawdust, paper pulp, and switchgrass. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cellulose-3D-balls.png) (Brekke 2005)

6. (http://www.ethanol.org) 1)Milling (grind it up!) 2)Liquification (mixed with H 2 O and heated) 3)Saccharification (starchfermentable sugars) 4)Fermentation (yeast + sugars = ethanol + CO 2 ) 5)Distillation (ethanol is separated from the solids) 6)Dehydration (remove last bit of H 2 O) 7)Denaturing (made unfit for human consumption) 8)Co-products (distiller’s grain livestock feed CO 2 compressed)

7. Bacteria…? Lonnie Ingram (University of Florida) E. coli + cellulose ethanol 90 – 95 % efficiency (Brekke 2005)www.fuga.ru/tok/2003/11/e-coli-small.jpg 1)Treat with heat and acid to break it apart 2)Treat with enzymes to turn the sugars into fermentable glucose Enzymes now 10-18 cents / gallon in laboratory trials.

8. Yields 25 % more energy than is used to grow, harvest and distill it into ethanol. Energy output:input ratio = 1.6 (http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/eth_energy_bal.html)

9. GasolineE85 Ethanol Octane Number 86 to 94100 Main Fuel Source Crude OilCorn, Grains, or agricultural waste Energy Content / Gallon 109,000 - 125,000 Btu ~ 80,000 Btu Energy Ratio Compared to Gasoline 70% Physical State Liquid (http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fuel_compare.cgi)

10. Emissions and Air Quality Ethanol contains 35% oxygen. Adding oxygen to fuel results in more complete fuel combustion Gasoline containing a 10% ethanol blend reduces smog emissions –carbon monoxide 25-30% –particulate matter 50% –volatile organic compounds 7%. http://www.greenfuels.org/ethanol/envbenefits.htm

11. Emissions from Ethanol Plants Most ethanol plants emit < 100 tons of pollutants as compared to >20,000 tons produced by an average- sized power plant each year http://www.ethanol.org/talkingpoints.html

12. ‘Recycling’ CO 2 -CO2 co-product is compressed and sold to carbonate beverages, manufacture dry ice, and flash freeze meat. Miscible CO2 flooding. http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/facts/environment/; http://www.ethanol.org/carbondioxide.html

13. Feasibility Since 1999, an increasing number of FFVs manufactured. Increasing economic feasibility. http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html

14. Benefits: Internal Economic USDA estimates 2012 corn demand= 2 billion Bushels Plant construction creates 370 local jobs ($60-130M income) Plant operation creates 4,000 local jobs ($47-100M income)

15. Benefits: More Internal Necessary to continue to meet rising EPA standards 95% of gas already has 6% ethanol

16. Benefits: External Economic Self-sufficiency! Potential 1/3 reduction of foreign oil dependence W/o E10, immediate 3% need increase

17. So, Who’s Buying It? 2003- Global Summit including representatives from China, India, Thailand, and Brazil “In poor countries, production of ethanol and biodiesel can have an extremely positive impact. It assists in dealing with the energy deficit, influencing internal consumption and exports. It can also generate a vast number of jobs.” - President da Silva, Brazil

18. E3 Biofuels (Mead, NE) Grow Corn Produce Ethanol Feed Cattle Harvest the manure Produce methane Methane fuels boilers Remains-Fertlize soil

19. Domestic Production American Made Fuel 2006 –105 plants in operation-1/2 locally owned=5 billion gal/year 48 New or Improved on line=7.9 billion gal/year http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-10-01-ethanol_x.htm

20. Annual Projections for Cellulosic Ethanol 50 billion gallons Waste (Agricultural, Industrial, MSW) 40%-50% USDA&E Estimate 80 billion gal. potential 1/3 transportation energy By 2050 Switchgrass on 114 million acres 165 billion gal. ethanol=108 billion gal. gasoline http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asp, www.energy.ca.gov/reports http://www.harvestcleanenergy.org

21. Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC) Growing Energy Improve conversion efficiencies 50 to 117 gal. ethanol / 1dry ton of biomass Produce animal proteins from switchgrass (capable of producing I billion tons of sustainable biomass/year) http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asphttp://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asp, http://www.harvestcleanenergy.org http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/cellulose

22. Goals and Future Usage …Yes, they really are out there.

23. Implementation of Waste Processing Industrial waste/municipal solid waste as definite source of energy. –Dartmouth project (paper sludge to ethanol). –Masada Oxynol, Middletown, NY (MSW to ethanol). Reduces or eliminates capacity problems at wastewater plants and the need for landfills.

24. http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/La ndfills.htm Landfill Use 1990: 247 million tons of non-hazardous waste. 2001: 409 million tons. Use of MSW opens new framework of raw materials, minimizes land charted for feedstock cultivation.

25. http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/pump/ contents.asp Current proposals Natural Resource Defense Council: –Invest in research, development, general demonstration ($1.1 billion). –Invest in deployment ($1 billion 2006-2015; prices to approach diesel/regular gasoline). –Adopt policies to establish infrastructure and a market (RF standards, FFV req’s)

26. Incentives/Laws State and federal- level tax/loan benefits to encourage the use of alternative fuels. Mandates require purchase of AFVs whenever economically or logistically possible. www.irs.gov/publications/p378/ar01.html. Table: http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/rep/chap1.asp