1. Concept 18-2 Pollutants mix in the air to form industrial smog, primarily as a result of burning coal, and photochemical smog, caused by emissions from motor vehicles, industrial facilities, and power plants. 18-2 Continued…

2. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (1) _______________ _______________ Carbon monoxide (____)…colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas that forms during incomplete combustion Binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells…prevents blood from ________________ oxygen to body cells Carbon dioxide (______)…colorless and odorless Part of the carbon cycle Until recently has NOT been classified as a pollutant, but growing evidence indicates that increasing levels of CO 2 are contributing to atmospheric ______________ Carbonoxides CO transporting CO 2 warming

3. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (2) _______________ _________ (NO x ) and __________ ___________ (HNO 3 ) Nitric oxide (_____) is emitted from engines and power plants NO reacts with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen dioxide _______ NO 2 reacts with __________ ___________ in the air to form nitric acid (HNO 3 ), which is a large component of acid rain or acid ___________________ NO and NO 2 also help to form _____________ ______ N 2 O, __________________, is a greenhouse gas nitrogenoxidesnitric acid NO NO 2 watervapor deposition photochemicalsmog Nitrous oxide

4. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (2) __________ __________ (SO 2 ) and ____________ ___________ (H 2 SO 4 ) SO 2 is a colorless gas with an irritating __________ 1/3 comes from natural sources and is a part of the ___________ ___________ 2/3 comes from… combustion of sulfur-containing ____________ Oil ___________________ _______________ of sulfide ores SO 2 may also be converted to H 2 SO 4, which returns to the earth as acid ___________________ Sufurdioxidesulfuric acid odor sulfurcycle coal refining smelting deposition

5. Statue Corroded by Acid Deposition and Other Forms of Air Pollution, RI, U.S. Fig. 18-7, p. 471

6. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (3) Particulates Suspended particulate matter (______) Variety of solid particles and liquid droplets that are small and ____________ enough to remain suspended in the air for ______________ periods of time Fine…diameter less than ______ micrometers Ultrafine…diameter less than _______ micrometers 62% of outdoor SPM comes from natural sources, like _________, _____________ or ____________ SPM light extended 10 2.5 dust wildfiresSea salt

7. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (3) 38% comes from human sources such as…. __________ burning power plants ________________ plants Motor ___________________ Road ____________________ Indoor air pollution from particulates include ________________ smoke and from ___________ wood, charcoal, dung, or coal in open fires or leaky stoves SPM linked to many human ______________ problems South Asian Brown Clouds coal industrial vehicles construction cigarette burning health

8. What Are the Major Outdoor Air Pollutants? (4) Ozone (O 3 ) Stratospheric ozone is __________, but tropospheric ozone is _______.....causes photochemical ________ Human and environmental impact Volatile organic compounds (_________) Organic compounds that exist as gases in the atmosphere or that evaporate from sources on earth Hydrocarbons emitted by the _____________ of many plants _________________....greenhouse gas Industrial solvents like _____________, dry cleaning fluids, _____________ good badsmog VOCs leaves methane benzene paints

9. Low and Zero VOC Paint

10. Chemical Reactions That Form Major Outdoor Air Pollutants Table 18-1, p. 470

11. Case Study: Lead Is a Highly Toxic Pollutant (1) Lead (___) is a pollutant found in air, water, soil, plants, animals Because it is chemical _______________, it does not break down in the environment Considered a __________________...harms the nervous system Children most vulnerable Can cause death, mental retardation, paralysis Pb element neurotoxin

12. Case Study: Lead Is a Highly Toxic Pollutant (2) Between 1976 and 2006, blood lead levels above the safety limit in U.S. children dropped from 85% down to ______ Government regulations banned __________ gasoline ______________ paint Still problems Old homes may still have lead paint or ________ with lead parts 15-18 million children have brain damage Need ____________ ban on lead in gasoline and paint 1% leaded unleaded pipes global

13. Fig. 18-8, p. 472 Solutions Lead Poisoning Prevention Control Phase out leaded gasoline worldwide Replace lead pipes and plumbing fixtures containing lead solder Phase out waste incineration Remove leaded paint and lead dust from older houses and apartments Ban use of lead solder Sharply reduce lead emissions from incinerators Ban use of lead in computer and TV monitors Remove lead from TV sets and computer monitors before incineration or land disposal Ban lead glazing for ceramicware used to serve food Test for lead in existing ceramicware used to serve food Ban candles with lead cores Test existing candles for lead Test blood for lead by age 1 Wash fresh fruits and vegetables

14. Science Focus: Detecting Air Pollutants Chemical _________________ and ______________ –small aircrafts measured the concentrations of the South Asian Brown Clouds _______________ and remote sensors –Used by some European countries ___________________ indicators –Lichens symbiotic relationship between a fungus and alga living together…________________ species that continually _________________ air May change _______________ or sicken and ________ instrumentssatellites Lasers Biological pioneer absorb color die

15. Natural Capital: Lichen Species, Vulnerability to Air Pollutants Fig. 18-A, p. 473 Old Man’s BeardRed and Yellow Crustose

16. Burning ______ Produces Industrial Smog Industrial smog –Unhealthy mix of __________________, suspended drops of ______________ acid, and a variety of suspended _____________ particles (Gray Air Smog) The U.S. has greatly _______________ the amounts of industrial smog produced in the past 60 years Still a major problem in industrialized urban areas of ___________, ________________, and some ____________ European countries –Annual death toll from air pollution in China is about ________________ Coal Sulfur dioxide sulfuric solid reduced ChinaIndia eastern 750,000

17. Burning coal and oil Oxygen (O 2 ) Stepped Art Ammonium sulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ] Ammonia (NH 3 ) Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) Water vapor (H 2 O) Sulfur trioxide (SO 3 ) Oxygen (O 2 ) Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Sulfur (S) in coal and oil Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Carbon (C) in coal and oil Fig. 18-9, p. 474

18. Industrial Smog in India Fig. 18-10, p. 474

19. ____________ Plus ________ Equals Photochemical Smog Photochemical Smog –Mixture of primary and secondary pollutants formed under the influence of _______ radiation (Brown Air Smog) VOCs + NO x + Heat + Sunlight  Oxidizes chemicals in the ___________________ and inside our ______________ ground level O 3 + other photochemical oxidants + Aldehydes + Other secondary pollutants SunlightCars UV atmosphere lungs

20. Global Outlook: Photochemical Smog in Santiago, Chile Fig. 18-12, p. 475 More of a problem in cities with sunny, warm, and dry climates

21. Several Factors Can Decrease or Increase Outdoor Air Pollution (1) Outdoor air pollution may be decreased by 1.__________________ of particles due to gravity 2.______________ and snow partially cleanse the air 3.Salty sea _____________ cleans air over the ocean 4.___________________ 5.Chemical reactions…may just turn into something else bad like acid rain Settling Rain spray Wind

22. Several Factors Can Decrease or Increase Outdoor Air Pollution (2) Outdoor air pollution may be increased by 1.Urban buildings 2.Hills and mountains 3._____________ temperatures 4.Emissions of VOCs from certain trees and plants..._________________ areas 5.____________________ effect…occurs when air pollutants are transported at _________ altitudes from tropical and temperate areas to the _________ 6.Temperature ____________________...a layer of warm air ______________ cool air prevents mixing (block wind) High urban wooded Grasshopper high poles Inversion on top of

23. A Temperature Inversion Fig. 18-13, p. 476 The sun normally heats surface air causing it to ________ Sometimes a layer of warm air will lie atop a layer cooler air that is ____________than the air above it Causes ____________ air where pollution accumulates rise denser stagnant

24. Two types of areas are susceptible to temperature inversions –Type 1: City located in a valley where the weather may turn __________....blocks sun from heating surface air Donora, Pennsylvania 1948 Killer Fog 6,000 became ill and 20 died cloudy

25. –Type 2: _________________ city blocked by mountains on 3 sides…blocks ocean winds from dispersing pollution Los Angeles Coastal

26. Review Questions! Distinguish between primary and secondary pollutants. What are the six major categories of outdoor air pollutants? Primary – emitted directly into atmosphere Secondary – result from reactions Carbon oxides Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid particulates ozone VOCs

27. Review Questions! Distinguish between industrial and photochemical smog. What happens during a temperature inversion? Coal burning (Gray) Sunlight + Cars (Brown) A layer of warm air lies on top of denser cool air that becomes stagnant