1. Psychological Disorders An Introduction Stolen from www.appsychology.com

2. What are 2 major classifications of disorders? What makes a psychological disorder? What is the DSM-IV? What are culture-bound syndromes? What are anxiety disorders? What are mood disorders? What are somatoform disorders? What are dissociative disorders? What are schizophrenic disorders? What are sleep disorders? What are eating disorders? What are personality disorders? What is trephening? What is the Rosenhan Study?

3. What is a Psychological Disorder? A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. What is abnormal, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable depends on: Culture Environmental Conditions Individual Person Time Period

4. Early Theories Afflicted people were possessed by evil spirits.

5. Early Theories Music or singing was often used to chase away spirits. In some cases trephening was used: Cutting a hole in the head of the afflicted to let out the evil spirit.

6. Trephening

7. Early Theories Another theory was to make the body extremely uncomfortable.

8. History of Mental Disorders In the 1800’s, disturbed people were no longer thought of as madmen, but as mentally ill. Did this mean better treatment? They were first put in hospitals.

9. Early Mental Hospitals They were nothing more than barbaric prisons. The patients were chained and locked away. Some hospitals even charged admission for the public to see the “crazies”, just like a zoo.

10. Philippe Pinel French doctor who was the first to take the chains off and declare that these people are sick and “a cure must be found!!!”

11. Somatogenic At this time- it was believed that mental illness had a bodily cause- Somatogenic. Remember that soma = body But Somatogenic could not explain disorders such as hysteria (now called conversion disorder). Many disorders are psychogenic: the origin is psychological, not physical.

12. Current Perspectives Medical Perspective: psychological disorders are sicknesses and can be diagnosed, treated and cured.

13. Current Perspectives Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective: assumes biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine to interact causing psychological disorders. Used to be called Diathesis-Stress Model: diathesis meaning predisposition and stress meaning environment.

14. Classifying Psychological Disorders What is the DSM- IV? Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the book to classify mental disorders Two Major Classifications : Psychotic and neurotic disorders.

15. Psychotic Disorders Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions

16. Neurotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally Spongebob may be hyperactive and manic, but not psychotic.

17. Personality Disorders Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

18. Paranoid Personality Disorder Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have sinister motives.

19. Paranoid Personality Disorder They search for hidden meanings in everything and read hostile intentions into the actions of others. They are quick to challenge the loyalties of friends and loved ones and often appear cold and distant to others. They usually shift blame to others and tend to carry long grudges.

20. Antisocial Personality Disorder antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of conscience People with this disorder are prone to criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of. They tend to lie and steal

21. Antisocial Personality Disorder they are careless with money and take action without thinking about consequences They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than the needs of others.

22. Borderline Personality Disorder characterized by mood instability and poor self-image “I hate you. Get away! Why did you leave me asshole!”

23. Borderline Personality Disorder they will take their anger out on themselves, causing themselves injury Suicidal threats and actions are not uncommon They are quick to anger when their expectations are not met.

24. Histrionic Personality Disorder constant attention seekers They need to be the center of attention all the time, often interrupting others in order to dominate the conversation.

25. Histrionic Personality Disorder They may dress provocatively or exaggerate illnesses in order to gain attention. They also tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing that everyone loves them

26. Narcissistic Personality Disorder characterized by self- centeredness They exaggerate their achievements, expecting others to recognize them as being superior

27. Narcissistic Personality Disorder They tend to be choosy about picking friends, since they believe that not just anyone is worthy of being their friend. They are generally uninterested in the feelings of others and may take advantage of them.

28. Schizoid Personality Disorder People with schizoid personality disorder avoid relationships and do not show much emotion They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not secretly wish for popularity.

29. Schizoid Personality Disorder They tend to seek jobs that require little social contact Their social skills are often weak and they do not show a need for attention or acceptance They are perceived as humorless and distant and often are termed "loners."

30. Avoidant personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation. consider themselves to be socially inept or personally unappealing, and avoid social interaction for fear of being ridiculed or humiliated.

31. Dependent personality disorder characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people. has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others

33. Mood Disorders Psychological Disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Seasonal Affective Disorder Dysthymic Disorder

34. Depression

36. Major Depressive Disorder A person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressive moods. Includes feelings of worthlessness and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

37. Dysthymic Disorder Suffering from mild depression every day for at least two years.

38. Seasonal Affective Disorder

39. Bipolar Disorder Person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

40. Bipolar Brain

41. Norepinephrine Increases arousal and boosts moods.

42. Suicide

44. Eating disorders Anorexia – starving yourself Bulimia – binging and purging

45. Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. the patient fears something awful will happen to them. Are anxiety disorders a neurosis or psychosis.?

46. What is anxiety? is a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

47. Generalized Anxiety Disorder An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

48. Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations. Can cause secondary disorders, such as agoraphobia.

49. Phobias A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.

50. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

51. Common Examples of OCD Common Obsessions: Common Compulsions: Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc. Washing Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating Imagining losing control of aggressive urges Checking Intrusive sexual thoughts or urgesTouching Excessive religious or moral doubtCounting Forbidden thoughtsOrdering/arranging A need to have things "just so"Hoarding or saving A need to tell, ask, confessPraying

52. Explanations for Anxiety Disorders You Learn them through conditioning. Evolution Genes Physiology (the brain)

53. Dissociative Disorders

54. What are dissociative disorders? Dissociative fuge Dissociative amnesia

55. Dissociative Disorders Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings.

56. Dissociative Amnesia This disorder is characterized by a blocking out of critical personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

57. Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative amnesia, unlike other types of amnesia, does NOT result from other medical trauma (e.g. a blow to the head).

58. Dissociative Fugue An individual with dissociative fugue suddenly and unexpectedly takes physical leave of his or her surroundings and sets off on a journey of some kind. These journeys can last hours, or even several days or months.

59. Dissociative Fugue Individuals experiencing a dissociative fugue have traveled over thousands of miles. An individual in a fugue state is unaware of or confused about his identity, and in some cases will assume a new identity (although this is the exception).

60. Dissociative Identity Disorder A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also known as multiple personality disorder.

61. Somatoform disorders Soma = body Physical illnesses caused by the mind ex: conversion disorder – significant loss of bodily function with no physical cause Ex: hysterical blindness – blindness after traumatic event (no physical cause) Hysterical pregnancy – body acts pregnant but no baby! Hypochondriasis – excessive worry about getting sick.

62. Schizophrenia

63. How Prevalent? About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.

64. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Disorganized thinking. Disturbed Perceptions Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

65. Disorganized ThinkingDisorganized Thinking The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information. Often causes………

66. Delusions (false beliefs) Delusions of Persecution Delusions of Grandeur

67. Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

68. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect (no emotion) Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

69. Positive v. Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms Presence of inappropriate symptoms Negative Symptoms Absence of appropriate ones.

70. Types of Schizophrenia

71. Paranoid Schizophrenia preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations. Somebody is out to get me!!!!

72. Disorganized Schizophrenia disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion.

73. Catatonic Schizophrenia parrot like repeating of another’s speech and movements

74. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Many and varied Symptoms.