1. The Reproductive System

2. Warm up
Take notes by filling in the blanks

3. Male Reproductive System
TESTES and EPIDIDYMIS
Testes produce male gametes sperm (SPERMATOZOA) and male sex hormone – TESTOSTERONE
Testerone is responsible for secondary male characteristics- deepening of the voice, growth of body hair and increase in muscle mass
Found in pouch of skin called a SCROTUM
Size of a small egg

4. Male Reproductive System
TESTES and EPIDIDYMIS
Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES – where spermatogenesis (sperm) develop
They join to form the EPIDIDYMIS where sperm are stored – they join at the ductus deferens VAS DEFERENS

5. Male Reproductive System
Descent of the Testes
In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen
During last 3 months, migrate into scrotum
CRYPTORCHIDISM – when testes don’t descend
Rx – surgical procedure before puberty
SCROTUM – sac of skin that contains testes

6. VAS DEFERENS
Runs from epididymis to ejaculatory duct- carries sperm out of the testes
SEMINAL VESICLES connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm
EJACULATORY DUCT – connect vas deferens with urethra
Epydidymis connects the testes to the ductus deferens.

7. PENIS Contains erectile tissue
End of penis covered by loose fitting skin – FORESKIN
Foreskin removed during CIRCUMCISION

8. PROSTATE GLAND Surrounds beginning of urethra
Size and shape of a chestnut
Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility-if not enough fluid secreted a male can be ______________

9. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS Located on either side of prostate below prostate
Add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer

10. ERECTION AND EJACULATION
Urethra has dual role – excretion of urine and to expel semen
Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood
Ejaculation- the discharge of sperm.
IMPOTENCE – unable to copulate

11. Processing Male Anatomy Labeling Male Reproductive Organs WS
Male Reproductive Physiology WS
STD Projects

12. Female Reproductive System

13. Warm up
Take notes by filling in the blanks

14. OVARIES pPrimary sex organs of the female
In lower part of abdominal cavity
About the size of an almond
2 functions:
produce ova
manufacture female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.

15. OVARIES Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs
A single follicle matures every 28 days – an ovum matures inside – during the reproductive years
Reproductive ability begins at puberty – when menarche occurs (first menstrual period)
When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (OVULATION) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins
After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube

16. OVARIES
Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, usually within 2 days of ovulation
Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus
Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation caused by LH

17. FALLOPIAN TUBES 4” long - not attached to ovaries
Passageway for the ova to the uterus
Pregnancy that implants in tube – ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus

18. UTERUS Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ
Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum
FUNDUS – bulging upper part of the uterus, the body is the middle portion,
CERVIX is the narrow portion that extends into the vagina
Uterine wall – 3 layers, outer layer is the visceral peritoneum, thick muscle layer is the MYOMETRIUM, and the inner mucous lining is the endometrium

19. VAGINA
Muscular tube leading from the cervix to the outside of the body with a mucous membrane lining
External Female Genitalia
VULVA – external organs of reproduction
Labia – folds of skin that surround the vagina and protect the vaginal opening.
PERINEUM – area between vagina and rectum
EPISIOTOMY – incision in perineum to make more room for childbirt

20. BREASTS (MAMMARY GLANDS)
Accessory organs
AREOLA – darkened area that surrounds the nipple
Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth

21. MENSTRUAL CYCLE The beginning of menses is called Menarche
Occurs every 28 days
Divided into 4 stages
Follicle stage – FSH from pituitary  ovary, stimulates follicle with ovum to mature  releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days
Ovulation stage – Pituitary stops FSH and releases LH, 14th day – follicle ruptures and mature ovum released
Corpus luteum stage – Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete progesterone, which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days
Menstruation stage – If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves  progesterone  and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3-6 days

22. MENOPAUSE
Monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end at approximately age 50
Symptoms include:
hot flashes
dizziness and headaches
emotional changes
Can be caused prematurely by the removal of the ovaries

23. Conception and Pregnancy
GERM CELLS (GAMETES) – produced by Ovaries
Female gamete = ova
Male gonad = testes
Male gamete = sperm
Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes – XX
Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and a single pair of sex chromosomes – XY

24. FERTILIZATION
During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live or a day or two
Approximately 100 million sperm in 1 cc of semen – if count less than 20 million, man is sterile
Eventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum
Usually occurs in the fallopian tubes

25. FERTILIZATION
True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell – ZYGOTE
The zygote has 46 chromosomes
It divides, and those cells divide, and so on
Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus.
At 7 days, the zygote becomes an embryo
At 3 months, it becomes a fetus
Pregnancy = Prenatal period or GESTATION

26. Pregnancy = Prenatal period or GESTATION
The fetus develops in the uterus.
Normal pregnancy = 40 weeks or 280 days or 9 months
Also divided into 3 trimesters (3 month periods)

27. Reproductive Terms INFERTILITY QUICKENING
When contraception does not occur – caused by damage to fallopian tubes, low sperm count, hormone imbalance, other disorders
QUICKENING
- first recognizable movement of fetus between 4th and 5th month
MISCARRIAGE
- Spontaneous Abortion is an unintentional loss of a pregnancy.

28. Processing
Female anatomy labeling x4
Female terminology WS
Projects

29. Reproductive Disorders

30. Warm up
Take notes by filling in the blanks

31. Reproductive Procedures
Laproscopy
Under anesthesia, Insertion of a lighted instrument through the abdominal wall
Tube with a light on it is inserted through tiny incision
Can remove tissue with laparoscope
MASTECTOMY – surgical removal of the breast
MAMMOGRAM – breast x-ray to detect tumors, recommended annually for women  40
VASECTOMY – male sterilization, removal of part of the vas deferens
CIRCUMCISION – surgical removal of the foreskin

32. Female Reproductive Disorders
MASTITIS – inflammation of the breast, bacteria enter through the nipple, infection begins in one lobule, may spread redness, swelling and pain in the breast.
ENDOMETRIOSIS
Endometrial tissue found outside the uterus
Abnormal patches of the uterine lining
Results in internal bleeding, inflammation of surrounding areas and formation of scar tissue, dysmenorrhea, infertility, heavy or irregular bleeding
Cause – unknown

33. Female Reproductive Disorders
CERVICAL CANCER
Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study
Should be done annually
Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation
Breast cancer
Most common cancer of women
Endometrial cancer
Usually occurs after menopause
Ovarian cancer
Leading cause of cancer death in woman 40-65

34. Female Reproductive Disorders
Amenorrhea
Absences of menstruation
Dysmenorrhea
Painful menstruation
Premenstrual syndrome
Symptoms exhibited just before menstrual cycle
Leukorrhea
Whitish discharge from the vagina
Fibroid tumors
Benign growths that occur in the uterine wall

35. Infections of the Female Reproductive Organs
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Occurs in the reproductive organs and spreads to the fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity. Treated with antibiotics
Salpingitis
Inflammation of the fallopian tubes
Vaginal yeast infection
Caused by fungus
Itching, burning, redness, leukorrhea
Toxic shock syndrome
Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus
Symps – fever, rash, hypotension
Cause – use of tampons
Rx – antibiotics

36. Male Reproductive Disorders
BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY)
Enlarged prostate
More than half of men in their sixties and 90% of men in their seventies have some symptoms
Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra.
This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing dysuria and urinary retention.
Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy
Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx

37. Male Reproductive Disorders
Epididymitis
Painful swelling in the groin and scrotum caused by infection
Orchitis
Infection of the tests; complication of mumps
Vasectomy-
Male sterilization procedure
Prostatitis
Infection of the prostate gland
Prostate cancer
Most common in men over 50
Rectal exam, blood screening test

38. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
GENITAL HERPES
Viral
Burning sensation with small blisters on genitalia
Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but will continue to reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual
Females – may need a c-section to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth

39. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Gonorrhea
Bacterial
Painful urination
Pus discharge
Females may be asymptomatic
Syphilis
Treated with antibiotics
Trichomoniasis
Protozoan, treated
Chlamydia
Major cause of urethriritis, bacterial vaginitis, and PID
Usually no symptoms in females
Genital warts
On penis shaft or inside of vagina
May be asymptomatic

40. Contraception Method/Effectiveness Abstinence 100% Sterilization 100%
________ _______ _____95-99%-hormones estrogen and progesterone in pills
IUD 93-99%
Diaphragm 90-99%
Condom 85-97%
Spermacides, Douching, Withdrawal and Rhythm???-85%

41. Sterilization Male – VASECTOMY (Vas Deferens)
Female – TUBAL LIGATION (Fallopian Tube)

42. Processing Crossword Word Scramble
Birth Control article and reader guide
Projects