1. BELLWORK 1.What is Parliament? 2.What is a Representative Democracy? 3.What is an absolute monarchy? 4.What type of government does Voltaire believe in? 5.THINKER: Why would countries and citizens support an absolute monarchy?

2. Spain – Philip II 1556-15981556-1598 Son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal (he married Mary I of England – her mother was the aunt of Charles V = yes, they were distant relatives!)Son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal (he married Mary I of England – her mother was the aunt of Charles V = yes, they were distant relatives!) He made all decisionsHe made all decisions

3. Philip II Wanted to increase the Hapsburg family’s power throughout EuropeWanted to increase the Hapsburg family’s power throughout Europe –He involved Spain in many costly European wars SuccessesSuccesses –Protestant Reformation failed –Kept Spain Catholic –1571 defeated the Ottoman Turks

4. Philip II  Failures  Lost Netherlands  Defeat of the Spanish Armada – was not able to take over England

5. England – Elizabeth I Golden Age of EnglandGolden Age of England Time of great culture – artists, poets, theater = ShakespeareTime of great culture – artists, poets, theater = Shakespeare Refused to marryRefused to marry Assisted by a council of nobles – with her approvalAssisted by a council of nobles – with her approval

6. Elizabeth I Government laws and policies regulated lives of the common peopleGovernment laws and policies regulated lives of the common people England was in debt when she took overEngland was in debt when she took over She sold royal lands, monopolies, offices, licenses to pay off debtsShe sold royal lands, monopolies, offices, licenses to pay off debts Foreign policy – balance of powerForeign policy – balance of power Balance of power – a system where each nation helps to keep peace and order by maintaining power that is equal to, or in balance with rival nationsBalance of power – a system where each nation helps to keep peace and order by maintaining power that is equal to, or in balance with rival nations

7. Elizabeth I Afraid of France – more powerful than EnglandAfraid of France – more powerful than England Relied on other countries for resourcesRelied on other countries for resources English Channel for defenseEnglish Channel for defense Strong navyStrong navy

8. Elizabeth I SuccessesSuccesses - Kept Spain out of the Netherlands - Kept Spain out of the Netherlands - Scotland became Protestant and ally of - Scotland became Protestant and ally of England England - Ireland became an ally - Ireland became an allyFailures - England still in debt - England still in debt

10. France – Louis XIV Most powerful Bourbon monarchMost powerful Bourbon monarch Took throne at the age of 5 in 1643Took throne at the age of 5 in 1643 - ruled by his two regents – his mother - ruled by his two regents – his mother Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin - Mazarin died in 1661 - Mazarin died in 1661 - Louis took over at the age of 23 - Louis took over at the age of 23 Reigned for 72 years – longest reign in European history – died in 1715Reigned for 72 years – longest reign in European history – died in 1715

11. Louis XIV He was the source of all authorityHe was the source of all authority “I am the state!”“I am the state!” Strong monarchy due to fear of disorderStrong monarchy due to fear of disorder Chose top advisors from the middle classChose top advisors from the middle class - they would not challenge the king - they would not challenge the king Could not change all traditions or he would lose the crownCould not change all traditions or he would lose the crown Appointed 2 key advisors – one as economic and financial minister and the other as minister of warAppointed 2 key advisors – one as economic and financial minister and the other as minister of war

12. Louis XIV Foreign policy – countries were scared of Louis desire for expansionForeign policy – countries were scared of Louis desire for expansion This led to many countries creating alliances with FranceThis led to many countries creating alliances with France SuccessesSuccesses - brilliant cultural period - brilliant cultural period - army was one of the strongest in Europe - army was one of the strongest in Europe

13. Louis XIV FailuresFailures - building projects and wars left France in - building projects and wars left France in severe debt severe debt - weakening of nobility – lost ability to - weakening of nobility – lost ability to govern, but not desire for power govern, but not desire for power - The War of the Spanish Succession - The War of the Spanish Succession - increased poverty - increased poverty - created opposition to his rule - created opposition to his rule - lost Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to - lost Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to England England

14. Louis XIV FailuresFailures - conflict between nobles and middle and lower classes would / will bring France to the brink of a revolution - conflict between nobles and middle and lower classes would / will bring France to the brink of a revolution

16. Russia – Peter the Great 16891689 After taking the throne he traveled throughout England studying their shipyards, factories, mills, and labsAfter taking the throne he traveled throughout England studying their shipyards, factories, mills, and labs Learned carpentry, surgery, and dentistryLearned carpentry, surgery, and dentistry When he returned – he had everyone adopt the ways of the western EuropeWhen he returned – he had everyone adopt the ways of the western Europe Sent Russians to study abroadSent Russians to study abroad

17. Peter the Great New capital city, St. Petersburg - Window to the WestNew capital city, St. Petersburg - Window to the West Made great changes to Russian governmentMade great changes to Russian government Created a central bureaucracy (France)Created a central bureaucracy (France) - local governments now under its control - local governments now under its control - Eastern Orthodox Church under its - Eastern Orthodox Church under its control control

18. Peter the Great Created new class of noblesCreated new class of nobles - in exchange for their services to the - in exchange for their services to the gov’t, they were given estates gov’t, they were given estates - duty to the czar started at age 15 - death - duty to the czar started at age 15 - death - used privileges and force to make - used privileges and force to make nobility accept gov’t service nobility accept gov’t service - had total control of serfs (opposite from - had total control of serfs (opposite from Europe – they had been gaining freedom) Europe – they had been gaining freedom)

19. Peter the Great Created tax laws to increase gov’t incomeCreated tax laws to increase gov’t income Nobles did not pay taxesNobles did not pay taxes Brought agriculture and craft production under gov’t controlBrought agriculture and craft production under gov’t control Incentives to increase mining and metal workingIncentives to increase mining and metal working

20. Peter the Great Foreign PolicyForeign Policy - wanted to make Russia a European - wanted to make Russia a European power power - expanded boarders - expanded boarders - took control of Siberia - took control of Siberia - claimed the Bering Strait - claimed the Bering Strait - had settlements in Alaska and California - had settlements in Alaska and California - fought Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman - fought Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire for ports Empire for ports

21. Peter the Great SuccessesSuccesses - opened Russia to Europe - opened Russia to Europe - strengthened Russia’s role in foreign - strengthened Russia’s role in foreign affairs affairs - brought into mainstream European civilization - brought into mainstream European civilization - modernized the military - modernized the military - land acquisition - land acquisition - defeated Sweden in 1721 gained control - defeated Sweden in 1721 gained control of the eastern end of Baltic region of the eastern end of Baltic region

22. Peter the Great FailuresFailures - created a dangerous divide between - created a dangerous divide between nobles and peasants nobles and peasants - divide between those who embraced - divide between those who embraced European ways and those who did not European ways and those who did not - within Russian he only had limited - within Russian he only had limited success success - reforms were incomplete - reforms were incomplete