1. GISMO Simulation Study Objective Key instrument and geometry parameters Surface and base DEMs Ice mass reflection and refraction modeling Algorithms used for space-borne phase history data simulation Data processing steps Results analysis Modifications for airborne simulation

2. Objective to perform analysis to validate the interferometric ice sounding technique for measuring the ice mass thickness in polar areas using a P-band space- borne SAR Analysis approach –Generate phase history data –Process the data into SLC data and interferograms –Band pass filtering to extract the basal contribution and to derive the ice thickness from both surface and base interferogram

3. Key instrument and geometry parameters Platform Height: 600 km Center Frequency: 430 MHz Chirp Bandwidth: 6 MHz Pulse Length: 20 us PRF: 2 kHz Antenna Length: 12.5 m Antenna Boresight Angle: 1.5 o Baseline: 45 m

4. Surface and base DEMs (Greenland) Surface DEM Base DEM 200 km

5. Ice mass reflection and refraction modeling n 1 =1 n 2 =1.8 n 3 =3 (for rocks) 11 2 2 basal DEM (land or water) surface DEM ice mass S A B C Fig. 1 ice mass reflection and refraction model H D h d s s xbxb xsxs

6. Space-borne SAR phase history data simulation Reflectivity map calculation for both reference and slave antennas Phase history data generation

7. Reflectivity map calculation 1 1 22 basal DEM (n 3 : land or sea water) surface DEM (n 1 ) ice mass ( n 2 ) S (sensor) A B C ground range grids Fig. 2 Implementation of reflectivity map calculation S 2 (sensor) B (baseline) All quantities: slant range, incidence angle, refraction angle and reflection coefficients, are calculated at each ground range grid. A slant range grid will lie between two neighboring ground range grids. The reflectivity coefficient for each slant range grid is calculated through interpolation of these two neighboring ground range bins. When calculating the reflection from the basal, we still start from the ground range grid on the surface. The refraction vector may or may not hit exactly the ground range grids. Bilinear interpolation is therefore used to calculate the refraction pointing vector from each surface ground grid to the basal. At each surface ground range grid the basal reflection coefficient and the slant range from the sensor to the basal are calculated. All the calculations for the second orbit are the same as for the reference orbit except the interferometric phase, which is the result of the non-zero baseline and DEMs, is added to the secondary reflectivity map for both surface and basal calculations.

8. Phase history simulation Inverse chirp scaling Phase history data H SAR (f) SLC data Reflectivity map H -1 SAR (f) Phase history data

9. Data Processing SAR processor (Vexcel’s FOCUS) SLC data IFSAR processor (Vexcel’s RAMS2) Interferograms Interferometric ice sounding processing –Band-pass filtering to extract the basal interferogram –Derive surface and base topography

10. Results Analysis Interferogram with both surface and basal contributions Interferogram spectrum analysis Extracted basal interferogram using band-pass filter Comparison between the true and derived ice mass thickness

11. Results Analysis …… DEMS in slant range geometry echo delay caused by the ice thickness at nadir (a) surface DEM (b) basal DEM 148.8 km (ground range) 148.8 km 137.5 km

12. Results Analysis …… Amplitude images of the phase history data

13. Results Analysis …… Amplitude images of the SLC data

14. Results Analysis …… 80-azimuth-look interferogram 2  Slant range 11.8 km ( ground range 70 km ) Azimuth (130 km) 0

15. Results Analysis …… Interferogram range spectrum The peak at 0 frequency represents the surface contribution and the peaks at the right side are from base contribution.

16. 2  Slant range 11.8 km ( ground range 70 km ) Azimuth (130 km) 0 Results Analysis …… Band-pass filtered interferogram

17. Results Analysis …… Comparison between the true and derived ice mass thickness +2500 m +2137 m 2850 m 1714 m ground range 70 km

18. Results Analysis …… Comparison between true and extracted basal interferograms true basal interferogram extracted basal interferogram from band-pass filtering

19. Modifications for airborne simulation Airborne platform with air turbulence Varying PRF Interferometric mode with 2+ receiving antennas Inverse chirp-scaling modifications for varying PRF and sensor velocity Airborne SAR processor

20. Air Turbulence Simulation Along track:  x =  x a sin(2  f xa t +  xa ) +  x e sin(2  f xe t +  xe ) Horizontal:  y =  y a sin(2  f ya t +  ya ) +  y e sin(2  f ye t +  ye ) Vertical:  z =  z a sin(2  f za t +  za ) +  z e sin(2  f ze t +  ze )

21. Varying PRF Simulation PRF = PRF n +  PRF sin(2  f PRF t +  PRF )

22. Interferometric mode with 2+ receiving antennas Current space-borne Scatter: repeat pass mode Future airborne Scatter: –Repeat pass mode –Single pass mode One transmitting/receiving with others receiving Ping-Pong mode ?

23. Inverse chirp-scaling for varying PRF and varying sensor speed The phase history data created from the inverse chirp scaling algorithm apply to a staright line path and uniform along track spacing. The data need to be interpolated for a curved path, varying PRF and sensor speed

24. Airborne SAR processor Modify Vexcel’s current fast-back-projection space-borne spotlight SAR processor to be able to process the simulated airborne stripMap SAR data

25. SAR Tomography Potentials of GISMO SAR tomography background SAR tomography simulation Results of E-SAR tomography tests GISMO potentials for SAR tomography applications

26. SAR Tomography Background Conventional SAR Imaging Idealized Straight Flight Paths Ground Reference Point

27. Multi-Pass SAR Imaging Synthetic Elevation Aperture Ground Reference Point Synthetic Aperture

28. Simulated Results Straight & Parallel Paths Illumination 19.2 m Image Formation Plane

29. Simulated Results Straight & Parallel Paths Illumination Coherent Sum 19.2 m Backprojection Plane Image Formation Plane

30. Vexcel’s tomography research Classified

31. Tomography results from E-SAR L-band Nominal orbit altitude: 3600 m Number of flights: 14 Total vertical aperture: 280 m Vertical resolution: 3.5 m

32. E-SAR Height/azimuth slice tomogram

33. E-SAR Height/azimuth slice tomograms Using MUltiple SIgnal Classification algorithm (MUSIC) with pre-assumed one or five scatterers

34. GISMO’s Potentials for Tomography Applications One flight track –track altitude : 10 km –4 ~ 6 receiving antenna elements –total aperture: 20 m Multiple flights –Assume 10 or more flights –Total 40 ~ 60 measuremes –total aperture: 400 m H (flight height) 11 22 Baseline D (ice thickness)

35. GISMO’s Potentials for airborne case Ground range (look angle) Ice thickness 0 km (0 o ) 1 km (5.7 o ) 2 km (11.3 o ) 3 km (16.7 o ) 4 km (21.8 o ) 100 m10.8 o 6.4 o 4.2 o 3.0 o 2.3 o 500 m23.4 o 18.3 o 14.4 o 11.5 o 9.4 o 1000 m32.0 o 26.7 o 22.3 o 18.6 o 15.7 o 2000 m42.6 o 37.2 o 32.3 o 28.1 o 24.4 o Angular separations between the surface and base return Total Baseline / Angular resolution : 20 m / 2 o (single pass) 400 m / 0.1 o (repeat pass)

36. GISMO’s Potentials for space-borne case with 600 km orbit Ground range (look angle) Ice thickness 10 km (0.95 o ) 30 km (2.86 o ) 50 km (4.76 o ) 75 km (7.12 o ) 100 km (9.46 o ) 100 m0.74 o 0.33 o 0.2 o 0.14 o 0.1 o 500 m2.3 o 1.38 o 0.93 o 0.66 o 0.5 o 1000 m3.5 o 2.41 o 1.73 o 1.26 o 0.97 o 2000 m5.4 o 4.0 o 3.09 o 2.34 o 1.85 o Angular separations between the surface and base return Total Baseline / Angular resolution : 45 m / 0.89 o (single pass) 1000 m / 0.04 o (repeat pass)

37. SAR Tomographic Ice Sounding Would repeat pass SAR tomographic ice sounding WORK ??? Probably basal returns are still correlated even though the surface returns may corrupt the surface components of the tomogram.