1. Minerals

2.  one of micronutrient substances.  these elements deposited in the rock,go to soil, then to plants, animal eat it,then go to human.  inorganic elements  has vital role in human metabolism { building,activity,regulating,transmitting,& controlling }  Na,K [ shift of body water ]  Ca,ph provide structure of the body framework

3. Iodine need for thyroid hormone 2% of Ca need to build the skeletal tissue. ** types of minerals : 1- major mineral - found in large amount -seven major minerals ( ca,Mg,Na,K,ph,sulfur & chloride ) 2- Trace elements : - found in small amount - as iron,iodine,zinc,copper,Manganese,fluoride

4. Major minerals: @ calcium : 10- 30 % of ca in diet is absorbed -absorption of ca take place in small intestine especially in acidic media of duodenum -** factors increasing ca absorption : 1- vit D hormone : - consider as control agent of ca absorption - vit D carry ca in the duodenum to mucosa of cell then to blood circulation 2- body need : -growth -state of hypocalcaemia -pregnancy -lactation More ca is absorbed 3-diatery protein & CHO : - greater percentage of ca is absorbed when the diet is high in protein -lactose enhances ca absorption through the action of lactobacilli which produce lactic acid & lower intestinal pH 4- acidity : - acidic media of intestine enhance ca absorption

5. ** factors decreasing ca absorption : vit D deficiency dietary fat : excess fat decrease ca absorption fiber & other binding agent alkalinity : decrease ca absorption in alkaline media

6. N.B : in elderly person & post menopausal women the ability to absorb ca is reduced ** ca output : 70-90 % of ca remains to be eliminated in the feces,small amount of ca may be excreted in the urine - daily requirement of ca 200mg \ day ** ca in the bone : 99% of ca storage in bone & teeth ** ca in the blood : 1% of ca circulate in the blood & other body fluid

7. **control agent of ca balance : parathyroid hormone : -release PTH to maintain normal level of ca -stimulate intestinal mucosa for ca absorption -stimulate kidney to excrete phosphorous 2- vit D hormone. 3-calcitonin : special C cell in the thyroid gland,it prevent abnormal rise in serum ca

8. ** functions of ca : bone formation tooth formation general metabolic function blood clotting nerve stimulation muscle contraction & relaxation cell membrane permeability enzyme activation

9. ** clinical problems : tetany : decrease ca rickets osteomalachia osteoporosis hypercalcemia,renal stone food source of ca : milk,cheese egg,green vegetables, nut,grains

10. ** phosphorous : 1% of total body weight closely associated with ca,called metabolic twin absorbed in the jejunum ph found in bone,blood,& cells ph under control of PTH& vit D

11. ** physiological function of ph : bone & tooth formation general metabolic activity absorption of glucose & glycerol transport of fatty acid,phospholipids energy metabolism ( ATP) buffer system [ control acid –base balance in the blood

12. ** hypophosphatemia : celiac disease rickets osteomalachia hyperparathyroidism symptom include muscle weakness

13. ** hyperphosphatemia : Renal disease Hypoparathyrodism food source : milk & milk product,lean meat *sodium : -absorbed through small intestine -excreted through kidney under effect of aldestrone hormone

14. ** physiological function of Na : water balance. acid base balance cell permeability muscle action food source : salt used in cooking,milk,meat,egg, carrot

15. ** potassium : -mainly found inside the cell -has significant effect on muscle activity especially heart muscle -absorbed in small intestine -excreted through kidney

16. ** physiological function of K : water,acid base balance muscle activity CHO metabolism Protein synthesis Food source : grains,fruit banana orange,green vegetables **manganese : Mg present in all body cell -has role in energy production & build tissue -it also aid in normal muscle action - found in fruit,nut,grain

17. ** chloride : out side of the cell help in control water acid –base balance highest concentration in the spinal fluid found in HCL hydro choleric acid