1. Bullyproofing and PBIS Teri Lewis-Palmer University of Oregon

2. Goal Discuss features of bullies and victims Present information on prevention and intervention (bullyproofing) Link bullyprofing and PBIS

3. Bullying Defined Behavior that is either physically or emotionally harmful (Fowler, 2004) That in repeated and occurs over time (Hoover and Oliver, 1996) Examples… taunting, name calling, threatening, hitting and other aggressive behavior

4. Related Behaviors Self-destructive (alcohol, tobacco) Fighting and carrying weapons Cheating and academic failure Stealing, vandalism Problems with school adjustment Early dating & with likelihood of social/physical aggression toward partner

5. Typical Victims Different either because of: Size and shape Race Ethnicity Disability (physical and/or learning) Sexual orientation

6. Impact on Victims Victimization correlated with loneliness and low self-esteem Increased anxiety However… don’t know if bullying caused traits of if having traits increased likelihood of being bullied

7. Prevalence 30% of students either bully, are bullied or both 15% of students severely traumatized 8% report being bullied at least weekly 14% of 8th-12th and 22% of 4th-7th report that bullying impacts their ability to learn

8. 160,000 students miss school because of bullying (Fried & Fried, 1996) 7% of 8th graders stay home weekly to avoid bully (Banks, 2000) About 2/3 of school shooters report feeling bullied (Bowman, 2000)

9. However…. (e,g., Skiba) Students report that often teachers appear uninterested or that teachers do not take them seriously Most bullying occurs away from adults

10. Peer Involvement (e.g., Rigby & Bagshaw) 40% of students believed that teacher were uninterested and Were opposed to unsure about collaborating with adults

11. Peer Role (Hawkins et al, 2001) 88% of bullying episodes observed by peer 19% of time peer intervene 47% of intervention are aggressive 57% of interventions are effective Boys intervene more often than girls Tend to intervene with same sex bully

12. Limited Peer Interaction (Hawkins et al, 2001) Unsure what to do Fear retaliation Concern that they will create bigger problem by intervening incorrectly

13. Factors contributing to antisocial behaviors School Community Home

14. Home (e.g., Dishion & Patterson) Inconsistent management Reactive discipline Lack of monitoring

15. Community (e.g., Biglan) Antisocial network of peers Lack of prosocial engagements

16. School (e.g., Mayer) Reactive/punishing discipline approach Lack of agreement about rules, expectations, & consequences Lack of staff support Failure to consider & accommodate individual differences Academic failure

17. Bullyproofing Options Prevent bullying - Universal Reduce bullying - Individual

18. General Suggestions (e.g., DeRosier, 2004) Whole school approach Team based Social skills Peer involvement

19. Typical Responses First Steps - works well with kindergartners Zero Tolerance - no evidence that these policies increase school safety (e.g., Skiba) Packaged Programs - mixed results

20. Limitations of Packages Lack of support for teachers Limited involvement of teachers in development and implementation Seen as “add-on” to already full schedule Not tailored to school environment

21. What Works (e.g., Orpinas ) Change environment so that bullying is unacceptable Acknowledge positive behaviors Develop/revise policy Gain commitment from all Establish team that represents school Identify values, rules & consequences Teach student rules Train and support teachers

22. Review PBIS SW Model 1. Common purpose & approach to discipline 2. Clear set of positive expectations & behaviors 3. Procedures for teaching expected behavior 4. Continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior 5. Continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate behavior 6. Procedures for on-going monitoring & evaluation

23. PBIS Review Expectations Defined Purpose Means of communication Consistent communication For all students, staff, and settings Matrix Guidelines Keep to five or fewer State positively Use common and few words

24. Teaching guidelines Behavior management problems are instructional problems. Process for teaching social behaviors & academic skills is fundamentally same. Emphasis is on teaching functional & prosocial replacement behaviors. Instructional supports are important.

25. An Approach to Embedding Bully-proofing Strategies What does not work Identifying “Bullies” and excluding them from school Pretending that Bully Behavior is the “fault” of the student/family What does work Define, teach and reward school-wide behavior expectations. Teach all children to identify and label inappropriate behavior. Teach all students a “stop signal” to give when they experience problem behavior. What to do if you experience problem behavior What to do if you see someone else in a problem situation Teach all students what to do if someone delivers the “stop signal”

26. Do not focus on “Bully” Focus on appropriate behavior What is the behavior you want E,g., “Responsible”

27. Teaching Social Responsibility Teach school-wide expectations first Be respectful Be responsible Be safe Focus on “non-structured” settings Cafeteria, Gym, Playground, Hallway, Bus Area Use same teaching format If someone directs problem behavior toward you. If you see others receive problem behavior If someone tells you to “stop”

28. Teach students to identify problem behavior The key is to focus on what is appropriate: Teach school-wide expectations, and teach that all problem behaviors are an example of NOT being appropriate. Define most common problem behaviors - Use these behaviors as non-examples of school-wide expectations

29. Teaching Social Responsibility: “Bully Proofing” Teach desired behavior. Teach a verbal signal for unacceptable behavior: “stop” Teach four key skills for social responsibility: Learn the difference between expected behavior and problem behavior If you “receive” problem behavior: Label the behavior and say “stop”; walk; squawk If you “see others” receive problem behavior” Label the behavior and say “stop” If someone tells you to “stop” stop

31. Social Responsibility Matrix Location 1Location 2Location 3Location 4 Desired behaviors vs Unacceptabl e behaviors “Stop” signal Walk skill Reporting Skill

32. Intervention Primary Reduce new cases of problem behavior Secondary Reduce current cases of problem behavior Tertiary Reduce complications, intensity, severity of current cases

33. What is FBA? A systematic problem solving process for developing statements about factors that: Contribute to the occurrence and maintenance of problem behavior, and More importantly, serve as basis for developing proactive & comprehensive behavior support plans.

34. Purpose of FBA Increase efficiency, relevance, & effectiveness of behavior support interventions. Improve consistency with which behavior support plans are implemented. Increase accountability (legal & professional)

35. Use FBA when… Students are not successful Interventions need to be developed Existing interventions need to made more effective and/or efficient

36. How do I know if I have done an FBA? Description of problem behavior Identification of conditions that predict when problem behavior will and will not occur Identification of consequences that maintain problem behaviors (functions)

37. Summary statements or testable hypotheses that describe specific behavior, conditions, and reinforcers Collection of direct observation data that support summary statements

38. Function of Behavior Power, authority, control, intimidation, bullying, etc. are not functions Two basic research validated functions Positive reinforcement (get/access) Negative reinforcement (avoid/escape)

40. Why Function? Understand the interaction from the students perspective Know what skills to teach Know how to modify the environment to: Prevent (antecedents) Increase appropriate (reinforcement) Decrease inappropriate (punishment)

41. Summary- Effective Bullyproofing Involve all staff, students, family and even community Focus on both prevention (SW) and intervention (function-based) Embed w/i existing curriculum, etc. Adapt to fit context/culture Sustain - no quick fixes

42. Resources safetyzone.org bullying.org dfes.gov.uk/bullying pbis.org marylandpbis.org nmpbs.org