2.  Muckraker Ray Stannard Baker spoke out against racial injustice  Progressive reformers often led the movement for black disfranchisement and segregation

3.  Woodrow Wilson praised the racist movie The Birth of a Nation

4.  At age sixteen, Washington enrolled at a freedmen’s school in Hampton, established by a Civil War general named Samuel Chapman  Once blacks proved their economic value to society, he predicted that racism would fade away, meanwhile they must patiently accept their lot

5.  William Monroe Trotter, the editor of a black newspaper, in 1902 called Washington’s acceptance of black disfranchisement “a fatal blow… to the Negro’s political rights and liberty.”

6.  Du Bois taught from 1896-1910 at Atlanta University  Rejecting Washington’s call for patience and the exclusive cultivation of manual skills

7.  Settlement-house worker Mary White Ovington helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

8.  Nespaper publisher Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison  In 1909 Villard and his allies with Du Bois and other blacks from the Niagara Movement formed the National Association for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)

9.  NAACP called for the political equality for blacks and an end from the racial discrimination  1914 the NAACP had 6,000 members, attracting the urban black middle class